for, without him, they could have no excuse, no manner of claim to take the people's property from them, by horse-loads, in the way they do. But then, they take this money under a cloak of supporting the STATE, here they give us a new name. They do not call it Throne; that would be too bare-faced. No: they call it state; under which they pretend to include every thing to make us comfortable and happy. When the King turned his head to look at his Train-Bearers, they looked. quite mild, exactly like that Methodist Parson who last Sunday week, told three barefaced lies to his congregation. But when the Train-bearers turned their faces towards the people, towards those who had to pay all, they looked exceeding tyrannical, fierce, and as voracious as a tiger. Ah! they looked with a Lamb's eye at their master; and almost said, O! you most noble, gracious, generous, condescending, heaven-born creature, we will send our wives to-night., O! without you we could do nothing! We should not be able to take one penny of the people's money! We should be obliged to live honestly and virtuously during the remainder of our lives. Those Lords who are not behind the Throne, for, mind, those who have no Boroughs are not there, are the greatest cowards, slaves and tyrants in existence. When they are with the king, or with any of his favourites, they dare not open their mouths; except it be to say, O! May it please your most excellent Majesty to let me lick the dirt off your feet. But, when they go into the country, when they go amongst the people, they shake a Rod of Iron over their backs; over those Bees who work and toil from morning till night, with bits of old sacks over their wings to support their lordly drones in splendour, debauchery and hoggish drunkenness. There they look like savages; and if any one of these bees should happen to be brought before one of these lordly drones, for stinging a hare to death, he threatens destruction to the bee, sends it to the tread-mill for three months at least. Then, this Lordly Tyrant, to hood-wink his neighbours, says, with a voice as soft as down, to them, this man that I have just sent to the tread-mill, is a very bad man; he never attends church; he has not the fear of God before his eyes; and he is bringing a large family to the parish; and you all know how good I am to all the poor in the parish, I give away soup three times a week; aside, lie says to himself, made from the bones that my dogs have been picking: this saves my tenants several pounds, indeed almost one rate, in the course of a year; and every Christmas, I give away Blankets, Petticoats, Coals, and every thing that my Lady and I can think of to make you all comfortable. My good Sir, I have worked hard to day and I have written this since nine o'Clock to night. I am now almost asleep; but when I have time, I will make them howl for keeping you in Gaol. Good night Sir, I am, your obedient servant, JAMES HALL, i Further Subscriptions for MR. RICHARD CARLILE, collected by MR. The Title Page to the miniature edition of Paine's Theological Works is ready for delivery. Price Sixpence. The Parson should not have been in the fields without a hat, by right and custom; but in his hurry for his tithes he forgot bis hat. The Trial of William Tunbridge will find no more delay. Sheets 3 and 4 are ready for delivery. Those who may think a set of "The Republican" worth. having at half price are advised not to defer the purchase. Any odd volume but the first may be had at that price. Printed and Published by R. CARLILE, 5, Water Lane, Fleet Street.-All Correspondences for "The Republican" to be left at the place of publication. No. 7, VOL. 8.] LONDON, Friday, August 22, 1823. [PRICE 6d. TO THE REPUBLICANS OF THE ISLAND OF ALBION. Dorchester Gaol, August 19, Year 4, CITIZENS, of the Spanish Revolution. RUMOURS upon rumours float about Spain, and something decisive must soon be heard. Out of Revolution good must eventually come: and if the evil triumphs but for a moment, it is but to exhibit itself as a mark for future necessary destruction. Reports of the triumph of the Royalists and Priests in Spain have been lately very frequent; but this cannot be lasting: they are a known evil, and must, and will, be destroyed sooner or later. To ask a sensible man to support such a thing is to ask him to work to his own injury: and if he be promised a reward he must see, that such a reward cannot be given to a number sufficient to support such a system. Speculation as to what will happen this or next month in Spain is now become idle: we must wait for events and judge as they come. I am of opinion, that the Whigs and the Tories of this country have coalesced to work the modification of the Spanish Constitution: and to render the Spanish Aristocracy more worthless by making them hereditary Legislators. However let us have patience: popular knowledge they can no longer controul.. I defer my letter to Mr. George Harris another week, to work up the correspondence on hand: after which I shall want all the space in these pages for several weeks to come. So Correspondents must not feel disappointment. RICHARD CARLILE. Printed and Published by R. Carlile, 5, Water Lane, Fleet Street. ORGANIZATION-INTELLECT. DEAR SIR, London, July 31, 1823. THE observations in this interesting question in your last Republican, and that characteristic love of truth and anxious spirit to promote enquiry, which mark your manner of introducing it to our notice, bas induced me to send you the following remarks. In this disquisition, I comprehend by the term “organization," the physical or material powers or capabilities of that part of the human machine, denominated mind; and in this abstract view of its nature, I recognize it to be a combination of quiescent and pre-existing faculties, perfectly independent of all those exterior objects of impression, whose after operations develope the character and extent of ability of these faculties, and alone constitute our experience of even their existence. The term intellect is frequently used also to designate the physical properties of mind, and in this sense is only synonymous with organization; but I intend to treat of it in the present instance, as being the result of impressions, made on quiescent organization by causes existing independent of itself, and of the reflective associations of other sensations that necessarily arise from such a mechanism so impressed-constituting what we term consciousness, intelligence, thoughts and feeling. The true application of mental organization to the discussion before us, necessarily involves two very important, but distinct features for consideration; first, its original capacity for acquiring and retaining ideas, or sensations, and combinations of sensations, being the knowledge of things;-and, second, the pre-established disposition, on the part of this organization, to use that knowledge to the practical or moral welfare, or injury, of the individual being it identifies, or to that of those other beings, it is necessitated to associate with. Let us then first examine the subject with reference to the strength or weakness of the material capabilities of mind; and the query which here presents itself, is, Are all human minds, constructed by nature à priori, with a uniformity of strength and capacity, to acquire and retain impressions? To this your friendly correspondent has endeavoured to give an affirmative answer; and, on the contrary, you observe, that to ascribe the differences we actually witness to any thing short of physical arrangements, would be like saying "that education would make the lion a lamb, or the sheep a goat." Now, notwithstanding I agree as I shall attempt presently to shew, with the main principle of your argument, I must beg to observe, that this appears to me not a correct analogical conclusion. The enquiry under review, is not whether education can change the primary constitution of a particular organization, either of a man or a lion, but whether it be capable of developing a similitude of character and powers in beingsendued with sufficient general properties of conformation, to constitute a distinct race of animals. Your conclusion strikes me as a very pointed begging of the question, if not a gratuitous and too hasty decision of it. You will probably reply that having demonstrated a fact, it might be admissible to challenge its overthrow by a reference, as well to one impossibility, as to another; to the general truth of this proposition I readily accede; but in the present instance, your decision rests solely on the contemplation of the existence of certain effects, and overlooks the cause, which is the fact in dispute. Again, it might be fairly objected to you that although education cannot possibly convert the destruction-empowered jaw, or death-grasping talons of the lion, into the imbecile conforformation of the lamb, yet has it been able by a course of domesticating treatment almost to extirpate some of its most savage propensities, by generating a lamb-like gentleness, and as it were to change the essential character of its very nature. But are all minds by nature equally capacitated? Experience and the most attentive observation, I think prove the contrary; admitting as I readily do, the full force of all the influence and bias of circumstances in the formation of those striking differences we discover in the energies and display of intellectual powers, still I cannot divest myself of the conviction, that a considerable share of the discrepancies are mainly attributable to primitive nature. It seems only necessary to cast our eyes among any or all the arts, the professions, or even among the common and daily intercourse of social transactions, to be instantly struck, with the contrast exhibited of active superiority between individuals engaged in similar avocations, were the intensity of interested motive, one would conclude must be very similar; for it is upon the power of excited interest, your Correspondent places the force of his argument, in his examples of education, and certainly it is in the activity of such motives, operating upon different individuals in a com |