The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians

SECT. II. Agesilaus sets out for Asia. Lysander falls
out with him and returns to Sparta. His ambitious designs
to alter the succession to the throne, 336.

ment having been vested in four hundred persons, they make | lady continued in her husband's government after his death,

a tyrannical abuse of their power, and are deposed. Alci- Agesilaus elected king of Sparta. His character, 333.

biades is recalled. After various accidents, and several

considerable victories, he returns in triumph to Athens, and

is appointed generalissimo. He causes the great mysteries

to be celebrated, and departs with the fleet, 305.

SECT. IV. The Lacedæmonians appoint Lysander

admiral. He acquires great influence with the younger

Cyrus, who commanded in Asia. He beats the Athenian

fleet near Ephesus in the absence of Alcibiades, who is

deprived of the command. Ten generals are chosen in his

stead. Callicratidas succeeds Lysander, 308.

SECT. V. Callicratidas is defeated by the Athenians

near the Arginusæ. The Athenians pass sentence of death

upon several of their generals for not having brought off the

bodies of those who had been slain in battle. Socrates

alone has the courage to oppose so unjust a sentence, 310.

SECT. VI. Lysander commands the Lacedæmonian fleet.

Cyrus is recalled to court by his father. Lysander gains a

celebrated victory over the Athenians at Egospotamos,

312.

SECT. VII. Athens besieged by Lysander, capitulates

and surrenders. Lysander changes the form of government,

and establishes thirty commanders in it. He sends Gylip-

pus before him to Sparta with all the gold and silver taken

from the enemy. Decree of Sparta upon the use to be made

of it. The Peloponnesian war ends in this manner. Death

of Darius Nothus, 314.

BOOK IX.

СНАР. І.

SECT. I. Coronation of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Cyrus

attempts to assassinate his brother, and is sent into Asia

Minor. Cruel revenge of Statira, wife of Artaxerxes, upon

the authors and accomplices in the murder of her brother.

Death of Alcibiades. His character, 316.

SECT. II. The Thirty exercise the most horrid cruelties

at Athens. They put Theramenes, one of their colleagues,

to death. Socrates takes his defence upon himself. Thra-

sybulus attacks the tyrants, makes himself master of Athens,

and restores its liberty, 318.

SECT. III. Lysander abuses his power in an extraordi-

nary manner. He is recalled to Sparta upon the complaint

of Pharnabazus, 320.

СНАР. ІІ.

The younger Cyrus, with the aid of the Grecian troops;

endeavours to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes. He is killed

in battle. Famous retreat of the Ten Thousand, 321.

SECT. I. Cyrus raises troops secretly against his brother

Artaxerxes. Thirteen thousand Greeks join him. He sets

out from Sardis, and arrives at Babylonia, after a march of

more than six months, 321.

SECT. II. The battle of Cunaxa: the Greeks are victo-

rious on their side; Artaxerxes on his : Cyrus is killed, 323.

SECT. III. Eulogy of Cyrus, 325.

SECT. IV. The king wishes to compel the Greeks to

aeliver up their arms. They resolve to die rather than sur-

render themselves. A treaty is made with them. Tissa-

phernes takes upon him to conduct them back to their own

country. He treacherously seizes Clearchus and four other

generals, who are all put to death, 326.

SECT. V. Retreat of the ten thousand Greeks from the

province of Babylon as far as Trebisond, 328.

SECT. VI. The Greeks after having undergone excessive

fatigues, and surmounted many dangers, arrive upon the

sea-coast opposite to Byzantium. They pass the strait, and

engage in the service of Seuthes, prince of Thrace. Xeno-

phon afterwards repasses the sea with his troops, advances

to Pergamus, and joins Thimbron, general of the Lacedæ-

monians, who was marching against Tissaphernes and

Pharnabazus, 331.

SEPT. VII. Consequences of Cyrus's death in the court

of Artaxerxes. Cruelty and jealousy of Parysatis. Statira

poisoned, 333.

CHAP. III.

SECT. I. The Grecian cities of Ionia implore aid of the

Lacedæmonians against Artaxerxes. Rare prudence in a

SECT. III. Expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. Disgrace

and death of Tissaphernes. Sparta gives Agesilaus the

command of its armies by sea and land. He deputes Pisan-

der to command the fleet. Interview of Agesilaus and Phar-

nabazus, 338.

SECT. IV. League against the Lacedæmonians. Agesi-

laus recalled by the Ephori to defend his country, obeys

directly. Lysander's death. Victory of the Lacedæmonians

near Nemaa. Their fleet is beaten by Conon off Cnidus.

Battle gained by the Lacedæmonians at Coronæa, 340.

SECT. V. Agesilaus returns victorious to Sparta. He

always retains his simplicity and ancient manners. Conon

rebuilds the walls of Athens. A peace, disgraceful to the

Greeks, concluded by Antalcidas the Lacedæmonian, 343.

SECT. VI. War of Artaxerxes against Evagoras king

of Salamis. Eulogy and character of that prince. Tiribazus

falsely accused. His accuser punished, 345.

SECT. VII. The expedition of Artaxerxes against the

Cadusians. History of Datames the Carian, 348.

CHAP. IV.

History of Socrates abridged, 351.

SECT. I. Birth of Socrates. He applies at first to sculpture,

then to the study of the sciences. His wonderful progress

in them. His taste for moral philosophy. His manner of

living, and sufferings from the ill humour of his wife, 351.

SECT. II. Of the dæmon, or familiar spirit, of Socrates,

353.

SECT. III. Socrates declared the wisest of mankind by

the oracle of Delphi, 354.

SECT. IV. Socrates devotes himself entirely to the in-

struction of the youth of Athens. Affection of his disci-

ples for him. The admirable principles with which he inspires

them, both with respect to government and religion, 354.

SECT. V. Socrates applies himself to discredit the so-

phists in the opinion of the young Athenians. What is to

be understood of the ironical character ascribed to him, 357.

SECT. VI. Socrates is accused of holding bad opinions

in regard to the gods, and of corrupting the Athenian youth.

He defends himself without art or fear. He is condemned

to die, $57.

SECT. VII. Socrates refuses to escape out of prison.

friends upon the immortality of the soul. He drinks the

He passes the last day of his life in discoursing with his

poison. Punishment of his accusers. Honours paid to

his memory, 361.

SECT. VIII. Reflections upon the sentence passed on

Socrates by the Athenians, and upon Socrates himself,

365.

BOOK X.

The ancient history of the Persians and Grecians, 367.

-Manners and customs of the Greeks, ib.

CHAP. I.

Of political government, 367.

ARTICLE I.

Of the government of Sparta, 367.

SECT. I. Abridged idea of the Spartan government.

Entire submission to the laws was in a manner the soul of

it, 367.

SECT. II. Love of poverty instituted at Sparta, 369.

SECT. III. Laws established by Minos in Crete, the mo

del of those of Sparta, 370.

ARTICLE II.

Of the government of Athens, 372.

SECT. I. Foundation of the government of Athens ac-

cording to Solon's plan, 372.

SECT. II. Of the inhabitants of Athens, 373.-Of the

citizens, ib.-Of the strangers, ib.-Of the servants, 374.,

SECT. III. Of the council or senate of Five Hundred,

374.

SECT. IV. Of the Areopagus, 375.

SECT. V. Of tho magistrates, 375.

SECT. VI. Of the assemblies of the people, $76.

SECT. VII. Of trials, 376.

SECT. VIII. Of the Amphictyons, 377.

SECT. IX. Of the revenues of Athens, 377.

SECT. X. Of the education of the youth, 378.-Dancing.

Music, ib. Of the other exercises of the body, 379.-Of

the exercises of the mind, ib.

СНАР. ІІ.

OF WAR.

SECT. I. The nations of Greece in all times very war-

like, especially the Lacedæmonians and Athenians, 380.

SECT. II. Origin and use of the valour and military vir-

tue by which the Lacedæmonians and Athenians always

distinguished themselves, 380.

SECT. III. Different kind of troops of which the armies

of the Lacedæmonians and Athenians were composed,

381.

SECT. IV. Of maritime affairs, fleets, and naval forces,

$82.

SECT. V. Peculiar character of the Athenians, 384.

SECT. VI. Common character of the Lacedæmonians

and Athenians, 385.

СНАР. ІІІ.

Of religion, 386.-Of the feasts, 387.-The Panathenæa,

ib.-Feasts of Bacchus, 388.-The feasts of Eleusis, ib.

-Of auguries, oracles, &c. 390.-Of the games, and com-

bats, 394.-Athlete, or combatants, 395.-Of wrestling,

396. Of boxing, or the cestus, 397.-Of the pancratium,

ib. Of the discus, or quoit, ib.-Of the Pentathlum, ib.-

Races. Of the footrace, 398.-Of the horse-race, ib.-

Of the chariot-races, 399.-Of the honours and rewards

granted to the victors, 400.-Different taste of the Greeks

and Romans in regard to public shows, 401.-Of the

prizes of wit, and the shows and representations of the

theatre, 402. Extraordinary fondness of the Athenians

for the entertainments of the stage. Emulation of the

poets in disputing the prizes in those representations. A

short idea of dramatic poetry, ib.-The origin and progress

of tragedy. Poets who excelled in it at Athens: Eschy-

lus, Sophocles, and Euripides, 403.-Of the old, middle,

and new comedy, 406.-The theatre of the ancients des-

cribed, 409.-Passion for the representations of the theatre

one of the principal causes of the decline, degeneracy, and

corruption, of the Athenian state, 410.

BOOK XI.

The history of Dionysius the Elder and Younger, tyrants

of Syracuse, 412.

CHAP. I.

SECT. V. Dionysius the Younger reascends the throne.

Syracuse implores aid of the Corinthians, who send Timo-

leon. That general enters Syracuse, notwithstanding all

the endeavours of Icetas to prevent him. Dionysius sur-

renders himself to him, and retires to Corinth, 437.

SECT. VI. Timoleon, after several victories, restores

liberty to Syracuse, where he institutes wise laws. He re-

signs his authority, and passes the rest of his life in retire-

ment. His Death. Honours paid to his memory, 439.

BOOK XII.

THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIANS AND GRECIANS.

CHAP. I.

SECT. I. State of Greece from the time of the treaty of

Antalcidas. The Lacedæmonians declare war against the

city of Olynthus. They seize by fraud and violence upon

the citadel of Thebes. Olynthus surrenders, 442.

SECT. II. Sparta's prosperity. Character of two illus-

trious Thebans, Epaminondas and Pelopidas. The latter

forms the design of restoring the liberty of his country.

Conspiracy against the tyrants wisely conducted and hap-

pily executed. The citadel is retaken, 443.

SECT. III. Sphodrias, the Lacedæmonian, forms a design

The Athenians de-

against the Piraeus without success.

clare for the Thebans. Skirmishes between the latter and

the Lacedæmonians, 446.

SECT. IV. New troubles in Greece. The Lacedæmo-

nians declare war against Thebes. They are defeated and

put to flight in the battle of Leuctra. Epaminondas ravages

Laconia, and marches to the gates of Sparta, 448.

SECT. V. The two Theban generals, at their return,

are accused, and acquitted. Sparta implores aid of the

Athenians. The Greeks send ambassadors to Artaxerxes.

Influence of Pelopidas at the court of Persia, 451.

SECT. VI. Pelopidas marches against Alexander tyrant

of Phere, and reduces him to reason. He goes to Mace-

donia, to appease the troubles of that court, and brings

Philip to Thebes as a hostage. He returns into Thessaly,

is seized by treachery, and made a prisoner. Epaminon-

das delivers him. Pelopidas gains a victory against the ty-

rant, and is killed in the battle. Extraordinary honours

paid to his memory. Tragical end of Alexander, 453.

SECT. VII. Epaminondas is chosen general of the The-

bans. His second attempt against Sparta. His celebrated

victory at Mantinea. His death and eulogy, 456.

SECT. VIII. Death of Evagoras, king of Salamis. Ni-

cocles his son succeeds him. Admirable character of that

prince, 460.

SECT. IX. Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes the reduc-

SECT. I. Means made use of by Dionysius the Elder, totion of Egypt. Iphicrates the Athenian is appointed
possess himself of the tyranny, 412.

SECT. II. Commotions in Sicily and at Syracuse against

Dionysius. He finds means to dispel them. To prevent

revolts he proposes to attack the Carthaginians. His won

derful application and success in making preparations for

the war.

Plato comes to Syracuse. His intimacy and

friendship with Dion, 415.

SECT. III. Dionysius declares war against the Cartha-

ginians. Various success of it. Syracuse reduced to ex-

tremities, and soon after delivered. New commotions

against Dionysius. Defeat of Imilco, and afterwards of

Mago. Unhappy fate of the city of Rhegium, 418.

SECT. VI. Violent passion of Dionysius for poesy.

Reflections upon that taste of the tyrant. Generous freedom

of Philoxenus. Death of Dionysius. His bad qualities,

421.

СНАР. ІІ.

SECT. I. Dionysius the Younger succeeds his father.

Dion engages him to invite Plato to his court. Surprising

alteration occasioned by his presence. Conspiracy of the

courtiers to prevent the effects of it, 425.

SECT. II. Banishment of Dion. Plato quits the court

soon after and returns into Greece. Dion admired there

by all the learned. Plato returns to Syracuse, 428.

SECT. III. Dion sets out to deliver Syracuse. Sudden

and fortunate success of his enterprise. Horrid ingratitude

of the Syracusans. Unparalleled goodness of Dion to them

and his most cruel enemies. His death, 429.

SECT. IV. Character of Dion, 436.

general of the Athenian troops. The enterprise miscarries

by the ill conduct of Pharnabazus the Persian general, 461.

SECT. X. The Lacedæmonians send Agesilaus to the

aid of Tachos, who had revolted from the Persians. The

king of Sparta's actions in Egypt. His death. The great-

est part of the provinces revolt against Artaxerxes, 462.

SECT. XI. Troubles at the court of Artaxerxes concern-

ing his successor. Death of that prince, 463.

volts in the Persian empire, 464.

SECT. XII. Causes of the frequent insurrections and re-

BOOK XIII.

THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIANS AND GRECIANS.

clties, Revolt of several nations, 465.

SECT. I. Ochus ascends the throne of Persia. His cru-

SECT. II. War of the allies against the Athenians, 466.

SECT. III. Demosthenes encourages the Athenians,

alarmed by the preparations made by Artaxerxes for war.

He harangues them in favour of the Megalopolitans, and

afterwards of the Rhodians. Death of Mausolus. Ex-

traordinary grief of Artemisia his wife, 467.

SECT. IV. Successful expedition of Ochus against

Phoenicia and Cyprus, and afterwards against Egypt,

469.

SECT. V. Death of Ochus. Arses succeeds him and is

succeeded by Darius Codomannus, 472.

SECT. VI. Abridgment of the life of Demosthenes till

the time of his appearance with honour and applause in the

public assemblies against Philip of Macedon, 472.

SECT. VII. Digression upon the manner of fitting out
fleets by the Athenians, and the exemptions and other marks
of honour granted by that city to such as had rendered it
great services, 474.

477.

BOOK XIV.

THE HISTORY OF PHILIP.

SECT. I. The birth and infancy of Philip. Beginning of

his reign. His first conquests. The birth of Alexander,

SECT. II. The sacred war. Sequel of the history of

Philip. He endeavours in vain to possess himself of the

pass of Thermopylæ, 482.

SECT. III. Demosthenes, upon Philip's attempting Ther.

mopyla, harangues the Athenians, and animates them

against that prince. Little regard is paid to his advice.

Olynthus, upon the point of being besieged by Philip, ad-
dresses the Athenians for succour. Demosthenes endea-

vours by his orations to rouse them from their lethargy.

They send but a very weak succour, and Philip at length

takes the place, 483.

SECT. IV. Philip declares in favour of Thebes against

the Phocæans, and thereby engages in the sacred war. He
lulls the Athenians, notwithstanding the remonstrances of
Demosthenes, into security, by a pretended peace and false
promises. He seizes on Thermopylae, subjects the Pho-
cæans, and puts an end to the sacred war. He is admitted
into the council of the Amphictyons, 486.

SECT. V. Philip being returned to Macedonia, extends

his conquests into Illyria and Thrace. He projects a league

with the Thebans, the Messenians, and the Argives, to

invade Peloponnesus in concert with them. Athens having

declared in favour of the Lacedæmonians, this league is

dissolved. He again makes an attempt upon Euboea, but

Phocion drives him out of it. Character of that celebrated

Athenian. Philip besieges Perinthus and Byzantium.

The Athenians, animated by the orations of Demosthenes,

send succours to those two cities, under the command

of Phocion, who forces Philip to raise the seige of those

places, 489.

first battle against the Persians at the river Granicus, and
obtains a famous victory, 508.

SECT. IV. Alexander conquers the greatest part of Asia
Minor. He is seized with a dangerous disease, occasioned
by bathing in the river Cydnus. Philip the physician cures
him in a few days. Alexander passes the defiles of Cili
cia. Darius advances at the same time. The bold and

free answer of Charidemus to that prince, which costs him
his life. Description of Darius's march, 511.

SECT. V. Alexander gains a famous victory over Darius,

near the city of Issus. The consequences of that victory,

516.

SECT. VI. Alexander marches victorious into Syria.
The treasures deposited in Damascus are delivered to him,
Darius writes a letter to Alexander in the most haughty

terms, which he answers in the same style. The gates o

the city of Sidon are opened to him. Abdolonymus is pla-

ced upon the throne against his will. Alexander lays siege

to Tyre, which, after having made a vigorous defence for
seven months, is taken by storm. The fulfilling of different

prophecies relating to Tyre, 520.

SECT. VII. Darius writes a second letter to Alexander.
Journey of the latter to Jerusalem. The honour which he

pays to Jaddus the high priest. He is shown those prophe-
cies of Daniel which relate to himself. The king grants
great privileges to the Jews, but refuses them to the Samari-
tans. He besieges and takes Gaza, enters Egypt, and sub-
dues that country. He there lays the foundation of Alexan-
dria, then goes into Libya, where he visits the temple of Ju-
piter Ammon, and causes himself to be declared the son of

that god. His return into Egypt, 528.

SECT. VIII. Alexander, after his return from Egypt,

resolves to go in pursuit of Darius. At his setting out he

hears of the death of that monarch's queen. He causes to

be paid her the honours which were due to her rank. He

passes the Euphrates and Tigris, and comes up with Da-
rius. The famous battle of Arbela, 533.

SECT. IX. Alexander possesses himself of Arbela, Ba-

bylon, Susa, Persepolis; and finds immense riches in those
cities. At a banquet he sets fire to the palace of Perse-

polis, 538.

SECT. VI. Philip, by his intrigues, succeeds in getting

himself appointed generalissimo of the Greeks, in the

SECT. X. Darius leaves Ecbatana. He is betrayed and

council of the Amphictyons. He possesses himself of put in chains by Bessus governor of Bactria. The latter,
Elatea. The Athenians and Thebans, alarmed by the upon Alexander's advancing towards him, flies, after hav
conquest of this city, unite against Philip. He makes ing covered Darius with wounds, who expires a few mo-
overtures of peace, which, upon the remonstrances of De-ments before Alexander's arrival. He sends his corpse to
mosthenes, are rejected. A battle is fought at Cheronæa, Sysigambis, 542.
where Philip gains a signal victory. Demosthenes is ac-
cused and brought to a trial by Eschines. The latter is
banished and goes to Rhodes, 494.

SECT. VII. Philip, in the assembly of the Amphictyons,
is declared general of the Greeks against the Persians, and
prepares for that important expedition. Domestic troubles
in his household. He divorces Olympias, and marries an-
other wife. He solemnizes the marriage of Cleopatra his
daughter with Alexander king of Epirus, and is killed at
the nuptials, 498.

SECT. VIII. Memorable actions and sayings of Philip.

Good and bad qualities of that prince, 500.

BOOK XV.

THE HISTORY OF ALEXANDER.

SECT. I. Alexander's birth. The temple of Ephesus is

burnt the same day. The happy natural inclinations of

that prince. Aristotle is appointed his preceptor, who in-

spires him with a surprising taste for learning. He breaks

Bucephalus, 503.

SECT. II. Alexander after the death of Philip, ascends

the throne at twenty years of age. He subjects and redu-

ces the nations contiguous to Macedon who had revolted.

He goes into Greece to dissolve the alliance formed against

him. He captures and destroys Thebes, and pardons the

Athenians. He procures himself to be nominated, in the

diet or assembly at Corinth, generalissimo of the Greeks

against Persia. He returns to Macedon, and makes pre-

parations for carrying his arms into Asia, 505.

SECT. III. Alexander sets out from Macedon upon his ex-

pedition against the Persians. He arrives at Ilion, and
pays great honour to the tomb of Achil He fights the

SECT. XI. Vices which first caused the decline, and at
last the ruin, of the Persian empire, 543.

SECT. XII. Lacedæmon revolts from the Macedonians,

with almost all Peloponnesus. Antipater marches thither,
and defeats the enemy in a battle, in which Agis is killed.
Alexander marches against Bessus. Thalestris, queen of
the Amazons, comes to visit him from a very remote coun-
try. Alexander, at his return from Parthia, abandons him-
self to pleasure and excess. He continues his march
against Bessus. A pretended conspiracy of Philotas
against the king. He and Parmenio his father are put to
death. Alexander subdues several nations. He at last ar-

rives in Bactriana, whither Bessus is brought to him, 545.

SECT. XIII. Alexander, after taking a great many cities

in Bactriana, builds one near the river Iaxartes, which he

calls by his own name. The Scythians, alarmed at the

building of this city, as it would be a check upon them, send

ambassadors to the king, who address themselves to him

with uncommon freedom. After having dismissed them, he

passes the Iaxartes, gains a signal victory over the Scy-

thians, and behaves with humanity to the vanquished. He

checks and punishes the insurrection of the Sogdians, sends

Bessus to Ecbatana to be put to death, and takes the city

of Petra, which was thought impregnable, 550.