CHAPTER V

THE SOURCES OF THE REST OF THE MATERIAL

The characteristics of the two groups of material already examined should now be sought in the rest of the material with which the paper deals to see if the facts indicate, what seems antecedently probable, especially in the case of the document used by Matthew (cf. pp. 4 ff. and 37), that parts of it belonged to one or the other of the documents whose existence we have seen to be indicated.

The characteristics to be looked for as belonging to the "first document," used by Matthew also, are: the presence of sayings symbolic, enigmatical, compressed, or any of these; the presence of brief, readily detachable sayings and incidents; in the connection of sentences, asyndeton almost as frequent as the use of κaí and dé, and other particles comparatively frequent; the presence of generalized parables; parallelism of form or thought or both; in vocabulary, comparative frequency of occurrence of certain words; the absence of the name "Jesus" after its occurrence in § 1; the local point of view being not that of Jerusalem; the presence of references to a future world-crisis; the presence of references to the kingdom of God; the appearance of the thought of salvation as future, and of salvation or rejection as affecting large groups collectively; the appearance of the thought of Jesus as authoritative leader, and of the idea that he is to have some special activity in the future; a strong interest in commandments of Jesus; special fitness for disciples and missionaries; and finally, in considerable parts, logical sequence.

Unifying features of the "second" or Judean document for which we may look in the rest of the material are: logical sequence; unity in thought, "repentance" as the way to salvation; the aim, to lead men to repentance that they may be saved; the local point of view, Judea near Jerusalem; a special interest in the use of property; interest in publicans; interest in the despised and hated; the ethical point of view, selfishness condemned and the love of one's neighbor commended; the appearance of the ideas that God helps to bring about repentance and that repentance is the entering into a relation with God; the presentation of salvation as for the individual and dependent on his action, and as being a fact in the present (these ideas of salvation appear, less frequently, in the material of the other document); the presentation of Jesus as a

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savior and as a prophet (these conceptions also, more commonly the latter, appear in the other document); the use of narrative introductions to parables; the large use of narrative parables (one or two are found in the other group); and finally, the use of certain words found less frequently or not at all in the material assigned to the first document.

The results of search for these characteristics in the portions of our material not already assigned to one or other of the documents is indicated in the following table. A check mark indicates the presence of the characteristic under the name of which it stands, in the material indicated by the figures opposite it near the center of the sheet. Increasing degrees of doubt as to such presence are indicated by the placing of a question mark in parentheses after the check, and by a question mark placed instead of a check. The "logical sequence" indicated is that with the next preceding and following material previously assigned to the "first document" in the case of the column to the right of the center, and to the "second document" in the case of that to the left. As will be seen, the characteristics of the "first document" are indicated to the right of the references and those of the "second" to the left. Where it has been decided that the evidence noted in the table indicates that a passage belonged to one or the other of the documents this is indicated by a cross placed opposite the reference to the right or left according as the indication is for the "first" or "second" document and nearer or farther away as the evidence seems decisive or simply to create a probability. The passages for which reasons have been found why Matthew might have omitted them if they were in his source (pp. 4 ff.) are indicated by a circle (O). It may be noted that all but two of the passages assigned in any way in the table to the document used by Matthew are so marked, and in both these cases one may perhaps suspect change in the text between the use of the document by Matthew and that by Luke. Thus in almost every case of assignment to the first document two lines of evidence converge to confirm the assignment. The circles were inserted after the rest of the table was complete, and were not considered in making assignments as indicated by the crosses. In the "vocabulary" columns the figures indicate the number of the words listed on pp. 19 f. as of greater frequency in one or the other of the groups of passages that we have decided came from the two documents respectively, that occur in the passages in whose line they stand.

In estimating the evidence presented in this table it must be remembered that some of the columns, notably those of "Jesus as prophet"

and "salvation as present," indicate features, that belong much less exclusively to one of the groups than do others. In the case of most of the passages it will be seen that the evidence falls with decided preponderance to the side of one document or the other. Of the several apparent exceptions to this some are seen not to be such when the slightly distinctive nature of certain columns, as mentioned above, is noted. This is the case with 11:27-28; 11:40-41; 12:546-57; 14:34-35; 16:1-12; 19:12-27. To remove 13:23-27 from the apparent exceptions the further fact comes in that the inclusion of 13:10-16 and 14:1-5 in the second document destroys the logical sequence that without them could be found for the passage in that document, assuming no change of order at this point. The rest, with one exception, are very brief, consisting of a single verse or less, and they will now be taken up along with those passages, real exceptions, in which characteristics of neither group are found sufficiently numerous to warrant assigning them to either document on that basis. These passages are also brief, seldom exceeding the limits of a single verse.

The passages in Luke's Perean section, 9:51-18:14 and 19:1-28, that have not now been assigned with some degree of probability to one of the two documents are as follows: 9:51; 10:1, 17; 11:1, 15, 290, 3738, 53-54; 12:10, 21, 41-42a, 54a; 13:17, 22; 14:6, 7, 12—14, 15, 25; 16:14; 17:5, 11, 25, 37a, b; 18: 14b; and 19:11, 28. In looking for the probable origin of these we may observe the probability1 established by the manner of Matthew's use of the material, putting none of it into the Perean ministry, but placing it in the Galilean ministry and the Passion Week, that the document used by Matthew was without marks to indicate to which period of the life of Jesus its events belonged. That such should have been inserted by one working with the material who was not attempting to produce anything like an account of Jesus' life seems distinctly less probable than that Luke himself in incorporating the material into his gospel should have supplied them. They are to be found in 9:51; 13:22; 17:11; 19:11; and 19:28. (Though from its connection with material assigned to a document not used by Matthew a different origin might be suspected for 17:11 from that of the rest, its similarity to them seems to make probable a similar origin.) The probability that these verses were inserted by Luke is further strengthened by the fact that for all of them there is a basis to be found in the corresponding part of Mark, and in every case but that of 19:11 in statements of Mark omitted in their connection by Luke in his parallel 1 Burton, op. cit., p. 49; Sharman, op. cit., pp. 3 f.