of three divisions, one to each division, and two in reserve. They always mass the artillery now, and commanders of battalions say that they lose no more men in a battalion than they formerly did in a single battery. Each battalion is complete in itself, with quartermaster, adjutant, ordnance officer, surgeon, &c. The whole is under the control of the chief of artillery of the army, but assigned at convenience to the corps commanders, one of whose staff-officers is chief of artillery to the corps, and another chief of ordnance.

The duty of the chief of ordnance is to supply the guns and everything for their equipment, with ammunition and stores of every description, excepting horses and provisions.

The chief of artillery places them in action, and commands them there.

Colonel Walton is chief of artillery to General Longstreet's corps; but as he is now at Petersburg with the reserve, his place is occupied by Colonel Alexander.

Colonel Manning is chief of ordnance; and as he is wounded, Captain Dawson supplies his place. The chief of artillery to an army is a brigadier-general; to a corps, a colonel; and to a division, a major.

The chief of ordnance to an army is usually a lieutenant-colonel, and he has two captains as assistants; to a corps, a major, with a lieutenant as assistant; and the divisional ordnance officer is a captain. The ordnance officers of brigades and artillery battalions are lieutenants. The commanders of battalions of artillery are generally majors, but some are lieutenant-colonels.

the exception of Hood's division, was armed with Enfield and Springfield rifles. The uniform calibre of 0.57 and 0.58 will be adopted in the whole army as soon as possible. Three-fourths of the arms in the armies of the West are smooth-bore muskets and Austrian rifles; and some think smooth-bored muskets for eight companies out of ten, with rifles for the other two, flanking companies, a very good armament.

The Enfield is the best rifle. The Mississippi and Austrian rifle clog very soon-i.e., after twenty rounds.

I may say here that I never saw a breech-loader in the hands of a Southern soldier, nor were ever any large numbers taken from the Yankees. If they had been, they would certainly have been brought and shown at headquarters, as was the case with some Spencer rifles and a good lot of revolving six-shooter rifles, and some excellent breechloading cavalry carbines.

Attached to each corps were some picked sharpshooters, armed with a telescopic Whitworth rifle, with which they did great execution. I never at any arsenal saw machinery or appliances for turning muzzleloaders into breech-loaders, or heard that such an operation had ever been performed.

Dr Cullen was so good as to furnish me with the following note upon medical matters. The medical department is organised thus:Medical director of the army; medical director of the army corps; chief surgeon of division; senior surgeon of brigade. Each regiment has a surgeon, an assistant-surgeon, two ambulances, and a medical waggon, belonging to it. Two men from each company are detailed to act as litter-bearers and attendants upon the wounded: these follow the troops on the field of battle, and convey men to the hospitals in the

rear.

The flap operation is generally performed. Resections of the humerus at the elbow and shoulder joints are done hundreds of times with great success.

By the by, Dr Cullen showed me the returns to his department for the month of August of the year, from which it appears that in the whole of Longstreet's corps in the field there was but one death during that period, and that was a man who had just returned from a Yankee prison, bringing the seeds of disease with him. This month of August was so oppressively hot, that all operations between the opposing armies of Lee and Meade were suspended. This is a very remarkable fact, and shows what good stuff the Confederate soldiers are made of. It must be remembered that the month of August followed immediately after a very severe campaign, where the men had been exposed to many and great hardships from forced marches, bad weather, unequal food, &c.

Thirty-five years ago, the whole country about Chattanooga, down nearly to Atlanta in Georgia, was inhabited by Indians, chiefly Cherokees and there are a good many still scattered over the mountainous regions of North Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee, but the majority were induced to emigrate beyond the Mississippi. In the Indian territory set apart for them in the West, the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Cherokees especially have become quite civilised, and are wonderfully thriving. They have some of the best cotton ground in their territory, and are large slaveowners; and many of them are very wealthy. They have churches and public schools, and their native eloquence having been devoloped by education, some have become famous preachers. Their greatest bane is whisky; and though the Government makes great efforts to prevent it, the traders still succeed in smuggling it in. In this war they have almost all taken the side of the South.

The chief of the Cherokees is John Ross, whose grandfather emigrated hither from Scotland and

married an Indian squaw. An old gentleman, whom we met at the top of Lookout Mountain, told us that he had known him well some fifty years since; that he was a very clever man, and had had his children well educated at Nashville in Tennessee. His residence was at Rossville, which is in the centre of our present camp, the Cherokees having in his day inhabited this part of the country. The dignity of chief of that nation has now been hereditary for three generations.

After a few sunshiny days we had some pouring wet ones; it was found that our camp was on too low ground to be comfortable, and we removed some distance to the rear.

By this time Dr Cullen had arrived from Richmond, and with him came L.; and as Dr Cullen had - besides his own tent and those of the other staff doctors who had not yet arrived-a large hospital tent, large enough to accommodate twenty people, I thought I had crowded my friends long enough, and accepted his kind invitation to move over and take up my old quarters again with him.

Old Jeff, the cook, was rather in a grumbling mood. "This is not like old Virginny, sir ; shall find it very hard to keep up my dignity here, sir:" his dignity consisting in providing us good breakfasts and dinners. And, indeed, provisions are scarce and not very good. Beef is tough, bacon is indifferent, and mutton is rarely to be had: chickens and eggs are almost unheard-of delicacies, and we have to ride ten miles to get a pat of butter.

During anything like a long stay in one camp all energies very soon tend to the point of how to improve the diet, and many long rides are taken with that sole object in view, and with very various

company dish, to which friends must be invited. One of the most successful caterers is General Preston, and another is his adjutantgeneral, Major Owens, an old friend, who in Virginia was aide to Colonel Walton. Owens is believed to have a flock of sheep hidden away somewhere. The General gave us a splendid supper one evening, with a profusion of delicate viands, and more than one bowl of hot punch made of some capital peach-brandy. Our own little camp was particularly well off, as Cullen came pretty well provided, and L. brought a box of good things with him from Richmond. No schoolboys can hail a hamper of prog with more gratification than a hungry lot of campaigners do, especially if they have been teetotalling rather more than they like.

After a victory in Virginia there had always been a profusion of delicacies in the Confederate camp for a long time, but from these Western people nothing had been captured but guns and empty waggons, at which there was great disappointment; and many were quite indignant, thinking themselves cheated. "Why, these Yankees are not worth killing," said General; "they are not a bit better off than ourselves."

L, after having one horse stolen at Richmond, had purchased another at Atlanta, and as mine had arrived with Cullen we had many a ride together. The camp was pretty extensive, and it was a three or four miles' ride to visit many of our friends.

There was a grand bombardment of Chattanooga one day, of which we had a splendid view from the top of Lookout Mountain. Not much harm was done, but it was a grand sight to see the guns blazing away far below us. On the top of the mountain is a large hotel, besides several villas and cottages. This used to be a favourite gathering-place in summer, but now every dwelling-place was deserted.

We made our way into the hotel, and purchased half-a-dozen chairs from an old woman, who said they were not hers and that she had nothing to do with them; but she took our money and made our consciences easy. And the chairs were very useful.

About this time the President came to pay a visit to the camp, and there was a general expectation that a change would take place; but none came, except in the weather, which had been dry and sunshiny, with a storm or a shower now and then, but now settled down to be wet and cold and nasty.

The President remained two days, and on the second day went with a large suite to Lookout Mountain. Homewards, he rode with General Longstreet, a hundred yards in advance of the rest of the party, and they had a long confabulation, and, I believe, not a very satisfactory one. I rode with General Breckenridge, with whom, and General Custis Lee, I dined afterwards at General Gracie's. After dinner we had some capital singing by some young fellows in Gracie's brigade.

Going home, I fell in with a courier who was riding in the same direction. He was a Louisianian, and we had a long chat together. Amongst other things, he told me that if he met a negro in a fight, he should give him no quarter-that they had always treated the negroes well, and if they fought against them now, they deserved no quarter, and he, for one, should give them none. I remonstrated, saying, it was no fault of the negro, that he was forced to fight by the Yankees, and that he never would fight if he could help it, &c. To all which my friend assented, with a "That's so," and I thought that I had made a convert; but when I had exhausted my arguments, although he again repeated his "That's so," he added, "For all that, I shan't give them any quarter."

Our black cook, Jeff, confided to me the other day his idea as to how the war should be carried on.

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Why, sir, why don't they do now as they used formerly to do? The generals used to dine together, and take their wine, and then one would say, 'General, I'll fight you to-morrow at such and such a place,' and then they would shake hands, and the next day they would fight their battle. That's what Napoleon used to do," Jeff concluded, "and why don't they do so now ?"

A month after the battle of Chicamauga, we rode over the field of battle, which is seven or eight miles to the rear of our camp. The Yankee dead are still unburied, which is a great shame.

Perhaps General Thomas thinks it beneath his dignity to ask permission to bury them; or perhaps he thinks General Bragg will do it for him. This, however, he has no right to expect, as he is little more than a mile further from the battlefield than Bragg, who, if he sent large details of men eight miles to the rear whilst active operations are going on, would just as much have to demand a truce for the purpose as General Thomas, whose business it is. Besides, these poor fellows' friends will be very anxious that they should be identified, that they may know where to find their graves. If there be one good feeling to be found in the North, it is the respect they show to their dead; and doubtless, if these poor fellows had been identified and properly buried, very many of them would have been brought to their homes after the war, and their bones laid amongst their own kindred. Now the pigs are fattening on them-a disgusting sight to behold.

The rains had become continuous now, and the roads were nearly impassable for waggons, and no movements of importance could therefore be anticipated. The army was in a bad way. Insufficiently

sheltered, and continually drenched with rain, the men were seldom able to dry their clothes; and a great deal of sickness was the natural consequence. Few constitutions can stand being wet through for a week together; and, moreover, the nights were bitterly cold, and the blankets were almost as scarce as tents. There was a great deal of discontent, which was increased by its being well known that General Bragg was on very bad terms with many of his generals.

The weather made it disagreeable to move about, and L., V., and I resolved to leave the army, and on the 22d of October we bade farewell to our friends, and rode over to Chicamauga station, some eight miles off.

The road, over which the army drew all its supplies, was in a horrible state, and it was five o'clock in the evening before the cart with our small amount of luggage arrived.

The trains were running wildthat is to say, at no fixed hoursand nobody could say when, or whether, any more would start that evening, several having just left, crowded with sick soldiers.

We sat down rather disconsolate by the side of a lot of empty cars, which were guarded by a soldier, who was whistling merrily, with his hands in his pockets. Soon we made friends with him, and he promised us his assistance as soon as his guard should be up.

Accordingly, when he was relieved, he took me with him, leaving L. and V. to guard our traps, promising to introduce me to the station-master, and "fix everything straight," which he did. He then insisted on my taking supper with him, which I was very glad to do. He told me that he came from Memphis, and that, at the commencement of the war, his regiment had been reviewed by Lord John Russell, whose stately appearance on horseback had impressed

him very favourably. I tried to explain that he might be mistaken, but he was positive, and I only succeeded in so far shaking his belief as to leave him with the idea that the gentleman he had admired was Lord William Russell, a brother to the famous Earl. He was determined not to be baulked of his nobleman; but I suppose I need hardly say that the gentleman he alluded to was the well-known William Russell, correspondent of the 'Times.'

He was exceedingly obliging and useful to us; and by eight o'clock we were packed into a luggage-van, and on our way.

It poured with rain, and plenty of water came trickling down through the roof.

One of our fellow-sufferers, a major, had provided himself with a plentiful supper of bread and beef, and offered us some; but L. and V., although they had had no supper, were modest, and declined. After the major had gone to sleep, however, they changed their minds, and picked his pocket, and ate up the last morsel of his provisions.

We travelled a few miles, and reached Cleveland early in the morning. Here the train came to a dead stop, and did not move on till the afternoon. We allayed our hunger during the day with some parched corn and gingerbread, procured from a cottage at hand, and in the evening reached Dalton, where we had supper, and got into the regular train for Atlanta and Augusta.

We were near being stopped by a stupid sentinel, because our passports were signed by Longstreet, and not by Bragg; but Captain Mackall, a nephew and aide of the general of the name, helped us through our difficulty, and we reached Augusta on the evening of the next day without further trouble. Here we thought ourselves entitled to a good rest, and made ourselves comfortable at the Planters' Hotel.

The largest powder-mills in the South are at Augusta. They, as well as the arsenal, are under the superintendence of Colonel Rains, who is inexhaustible in his ingenious contrivances to overcome the want of hundreds of things necessary to his manufacture, and yet hardly to be procured in the South.

The mills turn out 8400 lb. of powder in thirteen hours. In fifteen hours, over 10,000 lb. have been made. They began to work on April the 27th, 1862, and since then one and a half million of pounds of powder have been sent to Richmond alone. At the present time, most of the powder is sent to Charleston, which, with its many heavy guns, consumes an

enormous amount.

Percussion-caps used to be imported from the North, and we saw a lot which had been manufactured at some place in Connecticut, but they are already independent of the enemy for this important article. At one time so many were sent from the North that they were absolutely a drug in the market. The charcoal is excellent, being made of cottonwood, a sort of white poplar, which has no knots like the willow. Of sulphur they had large stores when the war commenced; and saltpetre is imported a good deal through the blockade.

The powder-magazines are under ground, and are, moreover, divided above ground by thick brick traverses. The roofs are of zinc, and very light; so that if one magazine blows up, it cannot set fire to its neighbours.

We were much struck with the powder made for the enormous Blakeney guns at Charleston. A charge of this powder looks more like a bag of coals than anything else, each grain being as big as a hen's egg.

The guard duty at the powdermills is done by lads of from 16 to 18 years of age, of whom there is a battalion of 500 at Augusta.

Another day, Colonel Rains oblig