of important land-marks, alluded to by antient geographers, are also uncertain. According to Strato, the Cleides were two islands upon the northeast coast; Pliny makes their number four; and Herodotus mentions a promontory that had the name given to these islands. If we consult the text of Strabo, his description of Cyprus2 appears to be expressed with more than usual precision and perspicuity. Yet of two renowned cities, Salamis and Citium, the first distinguished for the birth of the historian Aristus, and the last conspicuous by the death of Cimon, neither the situation of the one nor of the other has been satisfactorily determined. D'Anville assigns a different position for these cities, and for the present towns of Famagosta and Larneca; although Drummond', VIR HAUD CONTEMNENDUS," as he is styled by a late commentator upon Strabo, and also Pococke', whose proverbial veracity is beyond all praise, from their own

(2) Strabon. Geog. lib. xiv. p. 970. ed. Oxon.

(3) Travels, &c. in a Series of Letters, by Alexander Drummond. Lond. 1754.

(4) See the Notes to the Oxford Edition of Strabo, p. 972.

(5) Pococke's Description of the East, 2 vols. 1743-45. See vol. II. p. 213.

(6) It should be observed, however, that Drummond, although he seems to agree with Pococke in the situation of Citium, criticises very severely the freedom used by that author, in presuming to trace the walls of the city from imaginary remains; and 'also for his erroneous map of the coast. See Drummond's Travels, Lett. xii. p. 248.

CHAP.

II.

CHAP. ocular testimony reconcile the locality of the
II. antient and modern places.
"At Larneca,"
Situation of observes the former of these writers', "are

Citium.

undeniable proofs of its having been the antient Citium." Perhaps the antiquities now described may hereafter serve to confirm an opinion of Drummond's, founded upon very diligent inquiry, and repeated examination of the country. During the time he was Consul at Aleppo, he thrice visited Cyprus, and, upon every occasion, industriously surveyed the existing documents of its antient history. The sepulchral remains occupying so considerable a portion of the territory where the modern town is situated, appear to have been those of the Necropolis of Citium; and this city probably extended from the port all the way to Larneca, called also Larnec, and Larnic; implying, in its etymology, independently of its tombs," a place of burial." Descending to later authors, we find this position of Citium strongly confirmed by the Abbé Mariti3, who discovered very curious testimony con

(1) Drummond's Travels, Lett. xiii. p. 251.

(2) Larneca is the name in most common acceptation among foreign nations; but the inhabitants call it Larnec, and the Abbé Mariti writes it Larnic. The Bay of Salines is also sometimes called Larneca Bay.

(3) Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine, by the Abbé Mariti. Eng. edit. Lond. 1791.

cerning it, in a manuscript preserved at Venice*. From his very interesting account of Cyprus, we learn that the erroneous notions entertained with regard to the locality of the city, originated with Stephen de Lusignan; who was deceived by the name of a neighbouring village, called Citi, from a promontory at present bearing that appellation. Mariti places Citium between Salines and Larneca, upon the authority of the manuscript before mentioned, and the ruins he there observed. It is, as he remarks, of some importance to determine the true situation of a city once so renowned, owing to the celebrated men it produced, and the splendid actions of which it was the theatre. Yet it is singular, that this writer makes no mention of its Phænician origin. Concerning this fact, so well ascertained, a few observations may therefore suffice.

CHAP.

II.

CITIUM, from whose ruins we shall now Phenician Settleconsider both the modern towns of Salines and ments. Larneca to have arisen, was founded, together with the city of Lapethus, by a Phœniciun king,

(4) MS. Descript. of Cyprus, by Ascagné-savornien, in the library of Dominico Manni.

(5) This is also the position assigned to it by Pococke. There is reason to believe it occupied a greater extent of territory, and reached from the port as far as Larneča.

(6) Mariti's Travels, vol. I. p. 53.

CHAP. of the name of Belus1. Its inhabitants, ac

II.

cording to Cicero, were originally Phoenicians. CYPRUS, from its vicinity to their country, and its commercial advantages, was the first island of the Mediterranean that came under this dominion. Eusebius observes, that Paphos, a Phoenician city in Cyprus, was built when Cadmus reigned at Thebes'. It is moreover affirmed by the learned Bochart, that, before the time of the Trojan war, Cinyras, king of Phoenicia, possessed this island of Cyprus, having derived it from his ancestors. To this monarch, Agamemnon, according to Homer', was indebted for his breastplate. The cities of Urania and Idalium were also founded by the same people: the former received its name from Urania Venus, whose worship, as related by Herodotus, was transferred to Cyprus by the Phoenicians from Ascalon.

(1) There were many kings of Phenicia who had this name; so called from Baal, signifying Lord. Hence all the Phoenician Baalim had their denomination. See Gale's "Court of the Gentiles,” b. i, e. 8. p. 47.

(2) See also Gale, p. 48; Cic. lib. iv. de Finibus; Laërtius and Suidas on the Life of Zeno; Grotius; and Vossius de Philos. Sectis, lib. ii. c. 1.

(3) Euseb. Chronicon in Nuin. 1089.

(4) Bochart. Præf. ad Canaan.

(5) Hom. Iliad. A. Boch. Can. lib. i. c. 3.

(6) There were four cities in Cyprus famous for the worship of Venus : “Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atque Cythera,

Idaliaque domus.".

II.

CITIUM derived its name from the Hebrew CHAP. appellation for the island CHETIM; the Chittim, or Cittim, of the Holy Scriptures'. It was famous as the birthplace of Apollonius, a disciple of Hippocrates; and of Zeno, who, being shipwrecked

(7) This word, having a plural termination, is said to imply the deseendants of Ceth, the son of Javan. Josephus places their establishment in the Isle of Cyprus; and the Seventy Interpreters render the word by KHTIOI, that is to say, the Ketii or Cetii. The valuable compilation of Dapper, (Description des Isles de l'Archipel,) written originally in the Flemish language, of which a French translation was published, in folio, at Amsterdam, in 1702, concentrates much valuable information upon the subject of Cyprus. The author believes he shall contribute to the reader's gratification, by inserting from that work, which is now rare, the observations concerning the name of the island. "This island, which all the Greek and Latin authors have called Kúπgos, or Cyprus, and which is designated under that name in the New Testament, had been known under that of Chetima, or of Chetim, among the Hebrews; as Josephus relates in the first book, chap. 7. of his Jewish Antiquities; deriving it from Chetimos, or Chetim, son of Javan, son of Japhet, son of Noah, who, in the division of territories, had the first possession of this isle. Thence it followed, that all islands, and maritime places, were called Chetim by the Hebrews. He supports this opinion, by shewing that CITIUM is a name corrupted from that of one of the cities of the island, which is derived from the appellation Chetim, borne by the whole island; 'før,' says he, it was called CITIUM by those who wished to render, by a Grecism, the name of Chetimos, of Chittim, or of Chetim, which seems couched under that of CITIUM.' St. Jerom relates (Comment. in Esai, in Traduct. Hebr. in Genes.) that some authors have translated the word Chetim, in the Prophet Isaiah, by that of Cyprus; and that the Chetims are the Cyprians; whence a city of the island still bore, in his time, the name of CITIUM. Theodoret (in Hierem. c. 2.) shews that it is called Chetim in the Prophet Jeremiah: and Zonaras (2. c. 2. v. 9. Annal.) affirms that "Chetima is the island which the Greeks call Kúzgos, whereof Chetim, great grandson of Noah, had been the original possessor." Les Isles de l'Archipel, par Dapper. Amst. 1702. p. 21.