of the Spirit." Gal. v, 22, "the kill himself for the love of Christ. joy of faith," Phil. i, 25, and "the ISRAELITES, the descendants rejoicing of hope, Heb. iii, 6. of Israel, who were at first called The objects of it are, 1. God him- Hebrews, by reason of Abraham, self, Ps. xliii, 4. Is. lxvi, 10.-2. who came from the other side of Christ, Phil. iii, 3. 1st Pet. i, 8.-the Euphrates; and afterwards 3. The promises, Ps. cxix, 162.-Israelites, from Israel, the father 4. The administration of the gos-of the twelve patriarchs; and, pel, and gospel ordinances, Ps. lastly, Jews, particularly after Ixxxix, 15.-5. The prosperity of their return from the captivity of the interest of Christ, Acts xv, 3. Babylon, because the tribe of Judah Rev. xi, 15, 17.-6. The happi- was then much stronger and more ness of a future state, Rom. v, 2. numerous than the other tribes, Matt. xxv. The nature and pro-and foreigners had scarce any perties of this joy: 1. It is or knowledge of this tribe. For the should be constant, Phil. iv, 4.-history of this people, see article 2. It is unknown to the men of JEWS. the world, 1st Cor. ii, 14.-3. It is

ITINERANT PREACHunspeakable, 1st Pet. i, 8.-4. ItERS, those who are not settled is permanent, John xvi, 22.-Watts over any particular congregation, on Pas. sect. 11; Gill's Body of but go from place to place for the Div. p. 111, 3d vol. 8vo. edit. ; purpose of preaching to and inGrove's Mar. Phil. vol. i, p. 356. structing the ignorant. A great

JOY OF GOD relates, 1. To deal has been said against persons the delight and complacency he of this description; and, it must has in himself, his own nature, and be acknowledged, that there would perfections.-2. He rejoices in his not be so much necessity for them, own works, Ps. civ, 31.-3. In his were every minister of his parish Son Christ Jesus, Matt. iii, 17. to do his duty. But the sad de4. In the work of redemption, clension of morals in many places; John iii, 15.-5. In the subjects the awful ignorance that prevails of his grace, Ps. cxlvii, 11. Zeph. as to God and real religion; the iii, 17. Ps. cxlix, 4. little or no exertion of those who IRRESISTIBLE GRACE. are the guides of the people; See GRACE. "villages made up of a train of ISBRANIKI, a denomination idle, profligate, and miserable which appeared in Russia about poor, and where the barbarous the year 1666, and assumed this rhymes in their church-yards inname, which signifies the multi-form us that they are all either tude of the elect. But they were gone or going to heaven;" these called by their adversaries Rol-things, with a variety of others, skolsnika, or the seditious faction. form a sufficient reason for every They professed a rigorous zeal for able and benevolent person to step the letter of the holy scriptures. forward, and to do all that he can They maintained that there is no to enlighten the minds, lessen the subordination of rank among the miseries, and promote the welfare faithful, and that a Christian may of his fellow-creatures. A clep

gyman of the church of England,||49 or 50th year. It was proof respectable talents, very ju- claimed with the sound of ram's diciously observes, that, "Not-horns: no servile work was done. withstanding the prejudices of on it; the land lay untilled; what mankind, and the indiscretions of grew of itself belonged to the poor some individuals, an itinerant and needy: whatever debts the teacher is one of the most honour- Hebrews owed to one another able and useful characters that were wholly remitted; hired as can be found upon earth; and well as bond servants of the Hethere needs no other proof than brew race obtained their liberty; the experience of the church in inheritances reverted to their oriall ages, that, when this work is ginal proprietors. See 25th chap. done properly and with persever-Leviticus. Jubilee, in a more ance, it forms the grand method modern sense, denotes a grand of spreading wide and rendering church solemnity or ceremony ceefficacious religious knowledge, lebrated at Rome, wherein the for great reformations and reviv-pope grants a plenary indulgence als of religion have uniformly been to all sinners; at least to as many thus effected; and it is especially as visit the churches of St. Peter sanctioned by the example of and St. Paul, at Rome. The juChrist and his apostles, and recom- bilee was first established by Bonimended as the divine method of face VII, in 1300, which was spreading the gospel through the only to return every hundred nations of the earth; itinerant years; but the first celebration preaching having almost always brought in such store of wealth, preceded and made way for the so- that Clement VI, in 1343, relid ministry of regular pastors. duced it to the period of fifty But it is a work which requires pe-years. Urban VI, in 1389, apculiar talents and dispositions, and pointed it to be held every thirtya peculiar call in God's providence; five years, that being the age of and is not rashly and hastily to be our Saviour; and Paul II, and ventured upon by every novice who Sixtus IV, in 1475, brought it has learned to speak about the gos-down to every twenty-five, that pel, and has more zeal than know-every person might have the beneledge, prudence, humility, or ex-fit of it once in his life. Boniperience. An unblemished cha- face IX granted the privilege of racter, a disinterested spirit, an holding jubilees to several princes exemplary deadness to the world, and monasteries; for instance to unaffected humility, deep ac-monks of Canterbury, who had a quaintance with the human heart, jubilee every fifty years, when and preparation for enduring the people flocked from all parts to cross not only with boldness, but visit the tomb of Thomas-a-Beckwith meekness, patience, and et.-Afterwards jubilees became sweetness of temper, are indispen-more frequent: there is generally sably necessary for such a service."one at the inauguration of a new

JUBILEE, a public festivity. pope; and the pope grants them Among the Jews it was held every las often as the church or himself

have occasion for them. To be their brethren, and founded at entitled to the privileges of the ju- Pera, a country of Palestine, and bilee, the bull enjoins fasting, alms, in the neighbouring parts, partiand prayers. It gives the priests cular assemblies, in which the law a full power to absolve in all of Moses maintained its primitive cases, even those otherwise re- dignity, authority, and lustre. served to the pope ; to make com- The body of Judaising Christians mutations of vows, &c. in which which set Moses and Christ upon it differs from a plenary indul- an equal footing in point of authogence. During the time of jubi-rity, were afterwards divided inlee, all other indulgences are sus- to two sects, extremely different pended. One of our kings, viz. both in their rites and opinions, Edward III, caused his birth-day and distinguished by the names to be observed in the manner of a of Nazarenes and Ebionites, jubilee, when he became fifty which see. years of age, in 1362, but never JUDAISM, the religious doc. before nor after. This he did by trines and rites of the Jews, the releasing prisoners, pardoning all descendants of Abraham. Judaism offences except treason, making was but a temporary dispensation, good laws, and granting many and was to give way, at least the privileges to the people. In 1640, ceremonial part of it, at the the Jesuits celebrated a solemn coming of the Messiah. The prinjubilee at Rome, that being the cipal sects among the Jews were centenary, or hundredth year the Pharisees, who placed relifrom their institution; and the gion in external ceremony; the same ceremony was observed in Sadducees who were remarkable all their houses throughout the for their incredulity; and the Esworld. senes, who were distinguished JUDAISING CHRISTIANS: for their austere sanctity. At the first rise of this denomination present, the Jews have two sects; is placed under the reign of Adri- the Caraites, who admit no rule

For when this emperor had of religion but the law of Moses; at lengthrazed Jerusalem, entirely and the Rabbinists, who add to destroyed its very foundations, and the law the traditions of the Talenacted laws of the severest kind mud. See those articles, and books against the whole body of the recommended under article JEWS, Jewish people, the greatest part in this work.

of the Christians who lived in Pa- JUDGING RASH, the act of lestine, to prevent their being con- carelessly, precipitately, wantonly, founded with the Jews, abandon-or maliciously censuring others. ed entirely the Mosaic rites, and This is an evil which abounds too chose a bishop, namely Mark, a much among almost all classes of foreigner by nation, and an alien men. "Not contented with being from the commonwealth of Israel, in the right ourselves, we must Those who were strongly attached find all others in the wrong. We to the Mosaic rites separated from claim an exclusive possession of

goodness and wisdom; and from or false, or unfit, good or evil. approving warmly of those who Dr. Watts gives us the following join us, we proceed to condemn, directions to assist us in judging with much acrimony, not only the right. 1. We should examine all principles, but the characters of our old opinions afresh, and inthose from whom we differ. Wequire what was the ground of rashly extend to every individual them, and whether our assent the severe opinion which we have were built on just evidence; and unwarrantably conceived of athen we should cast off all those whole body. This man is of a judgments which were formed party whose principles we reckon heretofore without due examislavish; and therefore his whole nation.-2. All our ideas of obsentiments are corrupted. That jects, concerning which we pass man belongs to a religious sect, judgment, should be clear, distinct, which we are accustomed to deem complete, comprehensive, extenbigoted; and therefore he is inca-sive, and orderly.-3. When we pable of any generous and libe- have obtained as clear ideas as ral thought. Another is connect-we can, both of the subject and ed with a sect, which we have been predicate of a proposition, then taught to account relaxed; and we must compare those ideas of therefore he can have no sanctity.the subject and predicate together We should do well to consider, with the utmost attention, and 1. That this practice of rash judg-observe how far they agree, and ing is absolutely forbidden in the wherein they differ.-4. We must sacred scriptures, Matt. vii, 1.-search for evidence of truth with 2. We thereby authorise others to diligence and honesty, and be requite us in the same kind.-3. heartily ready to receive evidence, It often evidences our pride, envy, whether for the agreement or disand bigotry-4. It argues a want agreement of ideas.-5. We must of charity, the distinguishing fea-suspend our judgment, and neiture of the Christian religion.-5.ther affirm or deny until this eviThey who are most forward in dence appear.-6. We must judge censuring others are often most of every proposition by those prodefective themselves. Barrow's per and peculiar means or mediWorks, vol. i, ser. 20; Blair's Ser.ums whereby the evidence of it is ser. 10, vol. ii; Saurin's Ser. ser.to be obtained, whether it be sense, 4, vol. v. consciousness, intelligence, reason,

JUDGMENT is that act of the or testimony.-7. It is very useful mind whereby one thing is affirm-to have some general principles of ed or denied of another; or that truth settled in the mind, whose power of the soul which passes evidence is great and obvious, that sentence on things proposed to its they may be always ready at examination, and determines what hand to assist us in judging of the is right or wrong; and thus it ap-great variety of things which ocproves or disapproves of an action, cur.-8. Let the degrees of our or an object considered as true assent to every proposition bear an VOL. I.

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exact proportion to the different economy settled between the degrees of evidence.-9. We three Divine persons, the work should keep our minds always is assigned to the Son. Roopen to receive truth, and never mans xiv, 9 and 10, who will apset limits to our own improve-pear in his human nature, John v, ments. Watts's Logic, ch. 4, p. 27. Acts xvii, 31. with great 231; Locke on the Understanding, power and glory, 1st Thess. iv, 16, p. 222, 256, vol. i; p. 271, 278, 17. visible to every eye, Rev. i, 7. vol. ii; Duncan's Logic, p. 145;||penetrating every heart, 1st Cor. Reid on the Intellectual Powers, p. iv, 5. Rom. ii, 16. with full au497, &c. thority over all, Matt. xxviii, 18. JUDGMENT LAST, the scn- and acting with strict justice, 2d tence that will be passed on our ac-Tim. iv, 8. As for the concern tions at the last day. of others in the judgment; angels

I. The proofs of a general judg-will be no otherwise concerned ment are these: 1. The justice of than as attendants, gathering the God requires it; for it is evident elect, raising the dead, &c. but that this attribute is not clearly not as advising or judging. Saints displayed in the dispensation of are said to judge the world; not things in the present state. 2d as co-judges with Christ, but as Thess. i, 6. 7. Luke xiv, 26.-2.approvers of his sentence, and as The accusations of natural con- their holy lives and conversations science are testimonies in favour will rise up in judgment against of this belief, Rom. ii, 15. Dan. v, their wicked neighbours.

5, 6. Acts xxiv, 25.-3. It may III. As to the persons that will be concluded from the relation be judged: these will be men and men stand in to God, as creatures devils. The righteous, probably, to a creator. He has a right to will be tried first, as represented in give them a law, and to make Matt. xxv. They will be raised them accountable for the breach first, though perhaps not a thouof it, Rom. xiv, 12.-4. The re-sand years before the rest, as Dr. surrection of Christ is a certain Gill supposes; since the resurrecproof of it. See Acts xvii, 31. tion of all the bodies of the saints Rom. xiv, 9.-5. The scripture, is spoken of as in a moment, in the in a variety of places, sets it be- twinkling of an eye, at the last yond all doubt, Jude xiv, 15. 2d trump, in order to their meeting Cor. v, 10. Matt. xxv. Rom. xiv, the Lord in the air, and being with 10, 11. 2d Thess. i, 7, 10. 1st him not on earth, but for ever in Thess. iv, 16, 17. heaven, 1st Cor. xv, 52. 1st Thess.

II. As to the judge: the iv, 16, 17. Bible declares that God will Here we may take notice of a judge the world by Jesus Christ, difficult question which is proActs xviii, 31. The triune God posed by some, namely, Whether will be the Judge, as to original the sins of God's people shall be authority, power, and right of published in the great day, though indoment; but, according to the it is certain they shall not be al