substance, the first in rank and dig-proneness of the Gentile world, nity among created beings. The and even the Jews, to idolatry; but word angel (anos) is Greek and a better reason has been assigned signifies a messenger. The He- by others, viz. that this first history brew word 7 signifies the same. was purposely and principally writAngels, therefore, in the proper ten for information concerning the signification of the word, do not visible world; the invisible, of import the nature of any being, which we know but in part, being but only the office to which they reserved for a better life. Some are appointed, especially by way think that the idea of God's not of message or intercourse between creating them before this world God and his creatures. Hence was made, is very contracted. the word is used differently in va- To suppose, say they, that no rious parts of the scripture, and creatures whatever, neither angels signifies, 1. Human messengers, or nor other worlds, had been created agents for others, 2d Sam. ii, 5. previous to the creation of our "David sent messengers (Heb. world, is to suppose that a Being angels) to Jabesh Gilead, Prov. of infinite power, wisdom, and xiii, 17. Mark i, 2. James ii, 25.-goodness, had remained totally in2. Officers of the churches, whe-active from all eternity, and had ther prophets or ordinary minis-permitted the infinity of space to ters, Hag. i, 13. Rev. i, 20.-3. continue a perfect vacuum till Jesus Christ, Mal. iii, 1. Is. lxiii, within these 6000 years; that such 9.-4. Some add the dispensations an idea only tends to discredit reof God's providence, either bene-velation, instead of serving it. On ficial or calamitous, Gen. xxiv, 7. the other hand it is alledged, that Ps. xxxiv, 7. Acts xii, 23. 1st Sam. they must have been created withxvi, 14; but I must confess, that, in the six days; because it is said, though I do not at all see the im-that within this space God made propriety of considering the pro-heaven and earth, and all things vidences of God as his angels or that are therein. It is, however, messengers for good or for evil, a needless speculation, and we yet the passages generally educed dare not indulge a spirit of conunder this head do not prove to jecture. It is our happiness to me that the providences of God know that they are all ministering are meant in distinction from cre- spirits, sent forth to minister to ated angels.-5. Created intelli- them who are heirs of salvation. gences, both good and bad, Heb. As to the nature of these beings, i, 14. Jud. vi, the subject of the we are told that they are spirits; present article.-As to the time but whether pure spirits divested when the angels were created, of all matter, or united to some much has been said by the learned. thin bodies or coporeal vehicles, Some wonder that Moses, in his has been a controversy of long account of the creation, should pass standing: the more general opinion this over in silence. Others suppose is, that they are substances entirely that he did this because of the spiritual, though they can at any

time assume bodies, and appear||rious, became the most vile and in human shape, Gen. xviii, and miserable of all God's creatures. xix. Gen. xxxii. Matt. xxviii. They were expelled the regions of Luke i, &c. The scriptures re-light, and with heaven lost their present them as endued with ex-heavenly disposition, and fell into traordinary wisdom and power, a settled rancour against God, and 2d Sam. xiv, 20. Ps. ciii, 20; holy, malice against men. What their

and regular in their inclinations; offence was, is difficult to deterzealous in their employ, and com- mine, the scripture being silent pletely happy in their minds, Job about it. Some think envy, others xxxviii, 7. Heb. i, 7. Matt. xviii, unbelief; but most suppose it was 10. Their numbers seems to be pride. As to the time of their great, Ps. lxviii, 17. Heb. xii, 22; fall, we are certain it could not be and perhaps have distinct orders, before the sixth day of the creation, Col. i, 16, 17. 1st Pet. iii, 22. 1st because on that day it is saidThess. iv, 16. Dan. x, 13. They" God saw every thing that he had are delighted with the grand made, and behold it was very scheme of redemption, and the good;" but that it was not long conversion of sinners to God, after, is very probable, as it must Luke ii, 12. 1st Pet. i, 12. Luke have preceded the fall of our first xv, 10. They not only worship parents. Their number seems to be God, and execute his commands great, and there appears from at large, but are attendant on the scripture to be various orders saints of God while here below, among them, Matt. xii, 24. Eph. Ps. xci, 11, 12. Heb. i, 13. Luke ii, 2. Eph. vi, 12. Col. ii, 15. Rev. xvi, 22. Some conjecture that xii, 7. Their constant employ is every good man has his particular not only doing evil themselves, guardian angel, Matt. xviii, 10. but endeavouring by all arts to seActs xii, 15; but this is easier to duce and pervert mankind, 1st Pet. be supposed than to be proved; v, 8. Job i, 6. It is supposed they nor is it a matter of consequence will be restrained during the milto know. "What need we dis-lennium, Rev. xx, 2, but afterwards pute," says Henry, "whether again, for a short time, deceive the every particular saint has a guar-nations, Rev. xx, 8, and then dian angel, when we are sure finally punished, Matt. xxv, 41. he has a guard of angels about The authors who have written on him?" They will gather the elect this subject have been very numein the last day, attend the final rous; we shall only refer to a judgment, Matt. xxv, 31. Rev. few: Reynolds's Inquiry into the xiv, 18. Matt. xiii, 39, and live State and Economy of the Angelifor ever in the world of glory,cal World; Doddridge's Lect. p. Luke xx, 36. 10, lect. 210 to 214; Milton's Pa

Although the angels were ori-radise Lost; Bp. Newton's Works, ginally created perfect, yet they vol. iii, p. 538, 568; Shepherd of were mutable: some of them sin- Angels; Gilpin on Temptation; ned, and kept not their first estate; Casmanni Angelographia; Gill and and so, of the most blessed and glo-Ridgley's Bodies of Divinity.

ANGELICS, an ancient sect," We should consider the possibisupposed by some to have got this lity of mistaking the motives from appellation from their excessive which the conduct that offends us veneration of angels, and by others proceeded; how often our offences from maintaining that the world have been the effect of inadverwas created by angels. tency, when they were construed ANGELITES, a sect in the into indications of malice; the inreign of the emperor Anastasius, ducement which prompted our adabout the year 494; so called from versary to act as he did, and how Angelium, a place in the city of powerfully the same inducement Alexandria where they held their has, at one time or other, operated first meetings. They were called upon ourselves; that he is sufferlikewise Severites, from Severus,ing, perhaps, under a contrition, who was the head of their sect; which he is ashamed, or wants as also Theodosians, from one opportunity, to confess; and how Theodosius, whom they made ungenerous it is to triumph by pope at Alexandria. They held coldness or insult over a spirit that the persons of the Trinity are already humbled in secret; that not the same; that none of them the returns of kindness are sweet, exists of himself, and of his own and that there is neither honour, nature; but that there is a com-or virtue, nor use, in resisting mon God or Deity existing in them; for some persons think themthem all, and that each is God by selves bound to cherish and keep a participation of this Deity. alive their indignation, when they ANGER, a violent passion of find it dying away of itself. We the mind, arising upon the receipt, may remember that others have or supposed receipt of any injury, their passions, their prejudices, with a present purpose of revenge. their favourite aims, their fears, All anger is by no means sinful; it their cautions, their interests, their was designed by the Author of our sudden impulses, their varieties of nature for self defence: nor is it apprehension, as well as we: we altogether a selfish passion, since may recollect what hath sometimes it is excited by injuries offered to passed in our own minds, when we others as well as ourselves, and have got on the wrong side of a sometimes prompts us to reclaim quarrel, and imagine the same to offenders from sin and danger, be passing in our adversary's mind Eph. iv, 26; but it becomes sinful now: when we became insensible when conceived upon trivial occa-of our misbehaviour, what palliasions or inadequate provocations; tions we perceived in it, and exwhen it breaks forth into outrage-pected others to perceive; how we ous actions; vents itself in revil- were affected by the kindness, and ing language, or is concealed in felt the superiority of a generous our thoughts to the degree of ha-reception and ready forgiveness; tred. To suppress this passion, the how persecution revived our spifollowing reflections of arch-dea-rits with our enmity, and seemed con Paley may not be unsuitable.-to justify the conduct in ourselves,

which we before blamed. Add to the other Calvinists in most this, the indecency of extravagant points excepting church governanger; how it renders us, whilst it ment. lasts, the scorn and sport of all

ANNIHILATION, the act about us, of which it leaves us, of reducing any created being into when it ceases, sensible and asham-nothing. The sentiments of maned; the inconveniences and irre-kind have differed widely as to the trievable misconduct into which possibility and impossibility of anour irascibility has sometimes be-nihilation. According to some, notrayed us; the friendships it has thing is so difficult; it requires the lost us; the distresses and embar-infinite power of God to effect it: rassments in which we have been according to others, nothing so involved by it; and the repent-easy. Existence, say they, is a state ance which, on one account or of violence; all things are continuother, it always costs us. ally endeavouring to return to their

"But the reflection, calculated primitive nothing: it requires no above all others to allay that power at all; it will do itself; nay, haughtiness of temper which is more-it requires an Infinite powever finding out provocations, ander to prevent it. With respect to which renders anger so impetuous, human beings, it appears probable is, that which the gospel proposes; from reason; but it is confirmed namely, that we ourselves are, or by scripture that they will not be shortly shall be, suppliants for annihilated, but exist in a future mercy and pardon at the judg-state, Matt. x, 28. Ecc. xii, 7. ment seat of God. Imagine our John v, 24. 1st Thess. v, 10. Matt. secret sins all disclosed and brought xxv, 34, 41. Luke xvi, 22, 28. to light; imagine us thus humbled Luke xx, 37, 38. 1st Cor. xv. See and exposed; trembling under the 158, &c. vol. i, Massilon's Ser. hand of God; casting ourselves on Eng. Trans.: No. 129, Guardian; his compassion; crying out for Blair's Ser. vol. i, p. 461; and mercy; imagine such a creature articles DESTRUCTIONISTS, REto talk of satisfaction and revenge; SURRECTION, SOUL. refusing to be entreated, disdain- ANNUNCIATION, the tiing to forgive; extreme to mark dings brought by the angel Gabriand to resent what is done amiss ;el to the Virgin Mary of the incarimagine, I say, this, and you can nation of Christ. It is also used hardly feign to yourself an in-to denote a festival kept by the stance of more impious and unna-church on the 25th of March, in tural arrogance." "" Paley's Mor. commemoration of these tidings. Phil. ch. 7, vol. i; Fawcett's ex- ANOMOEANS, the name by cellent Treatise on Anger; Seed's which the pure Arians were called Posth. Ser. ser. 11. in the fourth century, in contraANGER OF GOD. See WRATH distinction to the Semi-arians. The ANGLO CALVINISTS, word is formed from the Greek a name given by some writers rouous, different. See ARIANS to the members of the church and SEMI-ARIANS.

of England, as agreeing with

ANTEDILUVIANS, a gene

ral name for all mankind who lived|| have frequent instances of the use before the flood, including the of these figures in holy scripture. whole human race from the crea- ANTIBURGHERS, a numetion to the deluge. For the his-rous and respectable body of distory of the Antediluvians, see Book senters from the church of Scotof Genesis, Whiston's Josephus, land, who differ from the estaCockburn's Treatise on Deluge, and blished church chiefly in matters of church government; and who difANTHEM, a church song per-fer, also, from the Burgher seceformed in cathedral service by ders, with whom they were origichoristers who sung alternately. nally united, chjefly, if not solely, It was used to denote both psalms respecting the lawfulness of taking and hymns, when performed in the Burgess oath. For an account this manner; but, at present, an- of their origin and principles, see them is used in a more confined SECEDers.

article DELuge.

.

sense, being applied to certain pas- ANTICHRIST, an adversary sages taken out of the scriptures, to Jesus Christ. There have been and adapted to a particular solem-various opinions concerning the nity. Anthems were first intro- Antichrist mentioned in the scripduced in the reformed service of ture, 1st John ii, 18. Some have the English church, in the begin-held that the Jews are to be rening of the reign of Queen Eliza-puted as Antichrist; others Calibeth. gula; others Mahomet; others ANTHROPOMORPHITES, Simon Magus; others infidelity; a sect of ancient heretics, who tak-and others, that the devil himself ing every thing spoken of God in is the Antichrist. Most authors scripture in a literal sense, parti-agree, however, that it applies to cularly that passage of Genesis in the church of Rome. Grotius, which it is said" God made Hammond, Bossuet, and others, man after his own image," main-supposed Rome pagan to be detained that God had a human signed; but Rome Christian seems shape. more evident, for John "saw the ANTHROPOPATHY, a beast rise up out of the sea," Rev. figure, expression, or discourse, xiii, 1. Now, as heathen Rome whereby some passion is attributed had risen and been established long to God which properly belongs before his time, this could not reonly to man. Anthropopathy is fre-fer to the Roman empire then subquently used promiscuously with sisting, but to a form of governanthropology; yet in strictness they ment afterwards to arise. As, ought to be distinguished, as the therefore, none did arise, after genus from the species. Anthro-Rome was broken to pieces by the pology may be understood of any barbarians, but that of the papal thing human attributed to God, power, it must be considered as as eyes, hands, &c.; but anthro-applying to that. The descrippopathy only of human affections tions, also, of the beast as the and passions, as joy, grief. Wel great apostacy, the man of sin, the