to the gift of languages, of discern-are striking instances of friending the secrets of the heart, the ship. Solomon exhorts us in langift of ministration of the same guage so energetic, as at once spirit to others by the laying shews it to be our duty to cultivate on of the hands, and the gift of it. "Thine own friend and thy fahealing. To prove they were re-ther's friend forsake not." "Make ally inspired by the Holy Ghost,||sure of thy friend, for faithful are they alleged the complete joy and the wounds of a friend," &c. The satisfaction they experienced, the genius and injunctions of the chrisspirit of prayer which was poured tian religion seem also to inculcate forth upon them, and the answer this virtue; for it not only comof their prayer by God. mands universal benevolence to

FRIAR (brother) a term com-men, but promotes the strongest man to the monks of all orders. love and friendship between those In a more peculiar sense, it is re-whose minds are enlightened by strained to such monks as are not Divine grace, and who behold in priests; for those in orders are usu-each other the image of their Diall dignified with the appellation of vine Master. As friendship, howfather. ever, is not enjoyed by every one, FRIENDSHIP, a mutual at- and as the want of it arises often tachment subsisting between two from ourselves, we shall here subpersons, and arising not merely join, from an eminent writer, a from the general principle of be- few remarks by way of advice renevolence, from emotions of gra- specting it. 1. We must not extitude for favours received, from pect perfection in any with whom views of interest, nor from in- we contract fellowship.-2. We stinctive affection or animal pas-must not be hurt by differences of sion; but from an opinion enter-opinion arising in intercourse with tained by each of them that the our friends.-3. It is material to other is adorned with some amia-the preservation of friendship, that ble or respectable qualities. Vari-openness of temper and obliging ous have been the opinions respect-manners on both hands be cultiing friendship. Some have asserted vated.-4. We must not listen that there is no such thing in the rashly to evil reports against our world; others have excluded it friends.-5. We must not desert from the list of christian virtues; our friends in danger or distress. while others, believing the possi-Blair's Ser. ser. 17, vol. iv; Bp. bility of its existence, suppose that Porteus's Ser. vol. i, ser. 15; IV. it is very rare. To the two former Melmoth's Translation of Cicero's remarks we way reply, that there is Lælius, in a Note. every reason to believe that there FRUGALITY, is the keeping has been, and is such a thing as due bounds in expences; it is the friendship. The scriptures pre-happy mean between parsimony sent us both with examples of, and on the one hand, and prodigality precepts concerning it. David and on the other. The example of Jonathan, Paul and Timothy, our Christ, John vi, 12. the injuncLord and Lazarus, as well as John,"tions of God's word, Luke xvi, 1.

the

Prov. xviii, 9. the evil effects of rent their clothes; and it was usual inattention to it, Luke xv, 13. to bend the dead person's thumb and comfort which arise into the hand and fasten it in that peace from it, together with the good posture with a string, because the which it enables us to do to others, thumb then having the figure of should operate as motives to ex-the name of God, they thought cite us to the practice of it. Wood's the devil would not approach it. Ser. on Frugality, 1795; Robin- They made a funeral oration at son's Mor. Ex. ex. 3; Ridgeley's the grave, after which they prayed; then, turning the face of the deBody of Div. 546, 3d edition. FUNERAL RITES, ceremo-ceased towards heaven, they said nies accompanying the interment" Go in peace."

or burial of any person.

The Greeks used to put a piece The first people who seemed to of money into the mouth of the have paid any attention to their deceased, which was thought to dead were the Egyptians. They be the fare over the infernal ritook great care in embalming their ver: they abstained from banbodies, and building proper repo-quets; tore, cut, or shaved their sitories for them. This gave birth hair; sometimes throwing themto those wonders of the world, the selves on the ground, and rolling Egyptian pyramids. On the death in the dust; beating their breasts, of any person among them, the and even tearing their flesh with parents and friendship put on their nails. mournful habits, and abstained

The funeral rites among the were very numerous.

from all banquets and entertain-Romans ments. This mourning lasted from They kept the deceased seven forty to seventy days, during which days, and washed him every day time they embalmed the body. with hot water, and sometimes with Before the dead were allowed to be oil, if possible he might be revived, deposited in the tomb, they under-in case he were only in a slumber; went a solemn judgment. If any and every now and then his friends, one stepped forth, accused them, meeting, made a horrible shout and proved that the deceased had with the same view; but if they led an evil life, the judges pro-found he did not revive, he was nounced sentence, and the body dressed and embalmed with a perwas precluded from burial. Even formance of a variety of singular their sovereigns underwent this ceremonies, and at last brought judicature; and Diodorus Siculus to the funerai pile, and burnt ; asserts that many kings had been after which his ashes were gatherdeprived of the honours of burial,ed, inclosed in an urn, and depoand that the terrors of such a fate sited in the sepulchre or tomb. had a salutary influence on the virtue of their kings.

The ancient christians testified their abhorrence of the pagan cusThe funeral rites among the tom of burning their dead; and Hebrews were solemn and mag-always deposited the body entire nificent. The relations and friends in the ground; and it was usual to

bestow the honour of embalming||deceased sprinkle the grave with upon the martyrs, at least, if not holy water.

upon others. They prepared the The funeral ceremonies of the body for burial by washing it Greek church are much the same with water, and dressing it in a fu- with those of the Latin. It needs neral attire. This was performed only to be observed, that, after the by near relations, or persons of funeral service, they kiss the crusuch dignity as the circumstances cifix, and salute the mouth and of the deceased required. Psalm-forehead of the deceased; after ody, or singing of psalms, was the which, each of the company eats great ceremony used in all funeral a bit of bread, and drinks a glass processions among the ancient of wine in the church, wishing the christians. soul a good repose, and the afflictIn the Romish church, whened family all consolation. Binga person is dead, they wash the ham's Antiq. b. 2; Enc. Brit.; Buxbody, and put a crucifix in his torf's Synag. p. 502. hand. At the feet stands a ves- FUTURE STATE, a term sel of holy water, and a sprinkler, made use of in relation to the exthat they who come in may istence of the soul after death. sprinkle both themselves and the That there is such a state of exdeceased. In the mean time some istence we have every reason to priest stands by the corpse, and believe; "for if we suppose," says prays for the deceased till it is a good writer, "the events of this laid in the earth. In the funeral life to have no reference to another, procession the exorcist walks first, the whole state of man becomes carrying the holy water; next not only inexplicable, but contrathe cross bearer; afterwards the dictory and inconsistent. The rest of the clergy; and, last of all, powers of the inferior animals are the officiating priest. They all perfectly suited to their station. sing the miserere, and some other They know nothing higher than psalms; and at the end of each their present condition. In gra psalm a requiem. It is said, that tifying their appetites, they fulfil the faces of deceased laymen must their destiny, and pass away. Man, be turned towards the altar when alone, comes forth to act a part they are placed in the church, and which carries no meaning, and those of the clergy towards the tends to no end. Endowed with people. The corpse is placed in capacities which extend far bethe church, surrounded with light-yond his present sphere, fitted by ed tapers. After the office for his rational nature for running the dead, mass is said; then the race of immortality, he is the officiating priest sprinkles the stopped short in the very entrance corpse thrice with holy water, and of his course. He squanders his as often throws incense on it. The activity on pursuits which he disbody being laid in the grave, the cerns to be vain. He languishes friends and the relations of the for knowledge which is placed beVOL. I.

Rr

yond his reach. He thirsts after ton asserts, and argues at large, a happiness which he is doomed because Moses was secure of an never to enjoy. He sees and equal providence, and therefore laments the disasters of his state, needed not subsidiary sanctions taand yet, upon this supposition, can ken from a future state, without find nothing to remedy them. Has the belief of which the doctrine of the eternal God any pleasure in an universal providence cannot orsporting himself with such a scene dinarily be vindicated, nor the geof misery and folly as this life neral sanctions of religion secured. (if it had no connexion with an- But, in opposition to this sentiother) must exhibit to his eye? Did ment, as Doddridge observes, "it he call into existence this magni-is evident that good men even beficent universe, adorn it with so fore Moses, were animated by much beauty and splendour, and views of a future state, Heb. xi, surround it with those glorious 13, 16. as he himself plainly was, luminaries which we behold in the 24 to 26 verse; and that the proheavens, only that some genera-mises of heavenly felicity were tions of mortal men might arise contained even in the covenant to behold these wonders, and then made with Abraham, which the disappear for ever? How un-Mosaic could not disannul. Sucsuitable in this case were the ha-ceeding providences also confirmbitation to the wretched inhabi-ed the natural arguments in its tant! How inconsistent the com-favour, as every remarkable inmencement of his being, and the terposition would do; and when mighty preparation of his powers general promises were made to and faculties, with his despicable the obedient, and an equal proend! How contradictory, in fine, vidence relating to the nation estawere every thing which concerns blished on national conformity to the state of man, to the wisdom the Mosaic institution, and not and perfection of his Maker! merely to the general precepts of But that there is such a state is virtue; as such an equal providence clear from many passages of the would necessarily involve many of New Testament, John v, 24. Acts the best men in national ruin, at vii, 9. Rom. viii, 10, 11. 2d Cor. a time when, by preserving their v, 1, 2. Phil. i, 21. 1st Thess. iv, integrity in the midst of general 14. 1st Thes. v, 10. Luke xvi, 22. apostacy, their virtue was most &c. But though these texts prove conspicuous; such good men, in the point, yet some have doubted such a state, would have vast adwhether there be any where in the ditional reasons for expecting fuOld Testament any reference to ature rewards, beyond what could future state at all. The case, it is arise from principles common to said, appears to be this: the Mo- the rest of mankind; so that we saic covenant contained no pro- cannot wonder that we find in the mises directly relating to a future writings of the prophets many state probably, as Dr. Warbur-strong expressions of such an ex

pectation, particularly Gen. xlix,|| and the story of the witch of En18. Ps. xvi, 9 to 11. Ps. xvii, last dor, and from what is said of the ver. Ps. lxxiii, 17, 27. Eccl. iii, 15, appearance of angels to, and their 16, &c. Eccl. vii, 12, 15. Is. iii, converse with good men." See 10, 11. Ezek. xviii, 19, 21. Job articles INTERMEDIATE STATE, xix, 23, 37. Dan. xii, 2. Is. XXXV, RESURRECTION, and SOUL; also 8. Is. xxvi, 19. The same thing| Doddridge's Lectures, lect. 216; may be also inferred from the par-Warburton's Divine Legation of ticular promises made to Daniel, Moses, vol. ii, p. 553-568; Dr. Dan. xii, 13, to Zerubbabel, Hag. Addington's Dissertations on the ii, 23, and to Joshua, the high |Religious knowledge of the ancient priest, Zech. iii, 7, as well as from Jews and Patriarch's; containing those historical facts recorded in an inquiry into the evidences of their the Old Testament of the murder belief and expectation of a future of Abel, the translation of Enoch state; Blair's Ser. ser. 15, vol. i; and Elijah, the death of Moses,||Robinson's Claude, vol. i, p. 132.

G.

GAIANITÆ, a denomination and his apostles were of Galilee, which derived its name from Gaian, they were suspected to be of the a bishop of Alexandria, in the sixth sect of the Galileans; and it was century, who denied that Jesus on this principle, as St. Jerome Christ, after the hypostatical union, observes, that the Pharisces laid a was subject to any of the infirmi-snare for him, asking, Whether it ties of human nature. were lawful to give tribute to GALILEANS, a sect of the Cæsar? that in case he denied it, Jews which arose in Judea some they might have occasion of acyears after the birth of our Saviour. cusing him.

They sprang from one Judas, a GAZARES, a denomination. native of Gaulam, in Upper Gali- which appeared about 1197 at Galee, upon the occasion of Augustus zare, a town of Dalmatia. They appointing the people to be mus-held almost the same opinions with tered, which they looked upon as the Albigenses; but their distinan instance of servitude which all guishing tenet was, that no human true Israelites ought to oppose. power had a right to sentence men They pretended that God alone to death for any crime whatever. should be owned as master and GEMARA. See TALMUD. lord, and in other respects were GENERAL

CALL.

See

of the opinion of the Pharisees; CALL-CALLING. but as they judged it unlawful to GENERATION ETERNAL pray for infidel princes, they se-is a term used as descriptive of the parated themselves from the rest Father's communicating the Diof the Jews, and performed their vine Nature to the Son. The sacrifices apart. As our Saviour Father is said by some divines to