of divine worship; but they were perform their sacred functions. In restored again by Gallienus. As 1646, Mr. Ponce published a histhe martyrs were buried in these tory of ancient ceremonies, tracing places, the christians chose them the rise, growth, and introduction for building churches on, when of each rite into the church, and Constantine established their reli- its gradual advancement to supergion; and hence some derive the stition. Many of them were borrule which still obtains in the rowed from Judaism, but more church of Rome, never to conse-from paganism. Dr. Middleton crate an altar without putting unhas given a fine discourse on the der it the relics of some saint. conformity between the pagan and

CENSURE, the act of judging popish ceremonies, which he exand blaming others for their faults. emplifies in the use of incense, Faithfulness in reproving another holy water, lamps and candles bediffers from censoriousness: the for- fore the shrines of saints, votive mer arises from love to truth, and gifts round the shrines of the derespect for the person; the latter ceased, &c. In fact, the altars, is a disposition that loves to find images, crosses, processions, mirafault. However just censure may cles, and legends, nay, even the be where there is blame, yet a cen- very hierarchy, pontificate, relisorious spirit, or rash judging, must gious orders, &c. of the present be avoided. It is usurping the au- Romans, he shews, are all copied thority and judgment of God. It from their heathen ancestors. An is unjust, uncharitable, mischiev. ample and mignificent representaous, productive of unhappiness to tion in figures of the religious ceourselves, and often the cause of remonies and customs of all nadisorder and confusion in society. tions in the world, designed by See CHARITY. Picart, is added, with historical CERDONIANS, a sect, in the explanations, and many curious first century, who espoused most dissertations. of the opinions of Simon Magus It has been a question, whether and the Manichæans. They as we ought to use such rites and ceserted two principles, good and remonies which are merely of hubad. The first they called the Fa- man appointment. On one side ther of Jesus Christ; the latter it has been observed that we ought the Creator of the world. They not. Christ alone is King in his denied the incarnation and the re- church he hath instituted such surrection, and rejected the books ordinances and forms of worship of the Old Testament. as he hath judged fit and neces CEREMONY, an assemblage sary; and to add to them seems, of several actions, forms, and cir- at least, to carry in it an imputacumstances, serving to render a tion on his wisdom and authority, thing magnificent and solemn. Ap- and hath this unanswerable objecplied to religious services, it signi- tion to it, that it opens the door fies the external rites and manner to a thousand innovations (as the wherein the ministers of religion history of the church of Rome

hath sufficiently shewn) which human infirmity; and the grand are not only indifferent in them-point is, to fix a medium in which selves, but highly absurd, and ex-a due regard may be shewn to the tremely detrimental to religion. senses and imagination, without That the ceremonies were nume-violating the dictates of right rearous under the Old Testament dis-son, or tarnishing the purity of pensation is no argument; for, true religion. It has been said, say they, 1. We respect Jewish that the Romish church has gone ceremonies, because they were too far in its condescension to the appointed of God; and we re-infirmities of mankind; and this ject human ceremonies, because is what the ablest defenders of its God hath not appointed them.-motley worship have alleged in its 2. The Jewish ceremonies were behalf. But this observation is established by the universal consent not just; the church of Rome has of the nation; human ceremonies not so much accommodated itself are not so.-3. The former were to human weakness, as it has abusfit and proper for the purposes for ed that weakness, by taking occawhich they were appointed; but sion from it to establish an endless the latter are often the contrary. variety of ridiculous ceremonies, 4. The institutor of the Jewish destructive of true religion, and ceremonies provided for the ex-only adapted to promote the riches pence of it; but no provision is and despotism of the clergy, and made by God to support human to keep the multitude still hoodceremonies, or what he has not winked in their ignorance and su appointed. perstition. How far a just antiThese arguments seem very pow-pathy to the church puppet-shows erful; but on the other side it has of the Papists has unjustly driven been observed, that the desire of some Protestant churches into the reducing religious worship to the opposite extreme, is a matter that greatest possible simplicity, how- certainly deserves a serious consiever rational it may appear in it-deration. See Dr. Stennett's Ser. self, and abstractedly considered. on Conformity to the world; Rowill be considerably moderated in binson's Sermon on Ceremonies; such as bestow a moment's atten- Booth's Essay on the Kingdom of tion upon the imperfection and in- Christ; Mosheim's Ecclesiastical firmities of human nature in its History; with Mac Laine's Note, present state. Mankind, general-vol. i, p. 203, quarto edition. ly speaking, have too little eleva- CERINTHIANS, ancient he tion of mind to be much affected retics, who denied the deity of Je with those forms and methods of sus Christ; so named from Ceworship in which there is nothing rinthus. They believed that he was striking to the outward senses. a mere man, the son of Joseph and The great difficulty here lies in Mary; but that in his baptism a determining the length which it is celestial virtue descended on him prudent to go in the accommoda- in the form of a dove; by means tion of religious ceremonies to whereof he was consecrated by the

Holy Spirit, made Christ, and can be the cause of any thing. "The wrought so many miracles; that,case of the painter," says Chamas he received it from heaven, ibers, "who, unable to express the quitted him after his passion, and foam at the mouth of the horse he returned to the place whence it had painted, threw his sponge in came; so that Jesus, whom they despair at the piece, and by chance called a pure man, really died, and did that which he could not do rose again; but that Christ, who before by design, is an eminent was distinguished from Jesus, did instance of what is called chance. not suffer at all. It was partly Yet it is obvious all we hear mean refute this sect that St. John wrote by chance, is, that the painter his gospel. They received the gos-was not aware of the effect, or pel of St. Matthew, to counte-hat he did not throw the sponge nance their doctrine of circumci-with such a view : not but that he sion; but they omitted the genea-actually did every thing necessary logy. They discarded the epistles to produce the effect; insomuch of St. Paul, because that apostle that, considering the direction held circumcision abolished. wherein he threw the sponge, to CHALDEEPARAPHRASE,gether with its form and specific in the rabbinical style, is called gravity, the colours wherewith it Targum. There are three Chai- was smeared, and the distance of dee paraphrases in Walton's Po-the hand from the piece, it was lyglot; viz. 1. of Onkelos ;-2. impossible, on the present system of Jonathan, son of Uzziel;—3.of things, that the effect should of Jerusalem. See BIBLE, sect.not follow."-The word, as it is 19, and TARGUM. often used by the unthinking, is CHALICE, the cup used to vague and indeterminate-a mere administer the wine in the sacra-name for nothing. ment, and by the Roman catholics CHANCELLOR, a lay officer in the mass. The use of the chalice, under a bishop, who is judge of his or communicating in both kinds, court. In the first ages of the is by the church of Rome denied church the bishops had those of. to the laity, who communicate only ficers, who were called church in one kind, the clergy alone be-lawyers, and were bred up in ing allowed the privilege of com-the knowledge of the civil and municating in both kinds; in di-canon law: their business was to rect opposition to our Saviour's assist the bishop in his diocese. words "Drink ye all of it." We read of no chancellors till CHANCE, a term we apply to Henry the Second's time; but that events to denote that they happen kind requiring the attendance of without any necessary or fore-the bishops in his councils, it was known cause. When we say a thought necessary to substitute thing happens by chance, we mean chancellors in their room for the no more than that its cause is un-dispatch of business. known to us, and not, as CHANT is used for the vocal vainly imagine, that chance itself music of churches. In church his

some

tory we meet with divers kinds of for the ease of one or more pathese; as, 1. Chant Ambrosian,rishioners that dwell too far from established by St. Ambrose ;-2. the church, and are served by inChant Gregorian, introduced by ferior curates, provided for at the pope Gregory the Great, who esta-charge of the rector, or of such blished schools of chanters, and cor-as have benefit by it, as the comrected the church music. This, at position or custom is.-5. Parofirst, was called the Roman song;chial chapels, which differ from afterwards the plain song ; as the parish churches only in name : choir and people sing in unison. they are generally small, and the CHAOS, the mass of matter inhabitants within the district few. supposed to be in confusion before If there be a presentation ad ecit was divided by the Almighty in-clesian instead of capellam, and an to its proper classes and elements. admission and institution upon it, It does not appear who first assert-it is no longer a chapel, but a ed the notion of a chaos. Moses, church for themselves and famithe earliest of all writers, derives lies.-6. Chapels which adjoin to the origin of this world from a and are part of the church; such confusion of matter, dark, void, were formerly built by honouradeep, without form, which he ble persons as burying places.calls TOHU BOHU; which is 7. The places of worship belongprecisely the chaos of the Greek ing to the Calvinistic and Armiand barbarian philosophers. Mo-nian Methodists are also generally ses goes no farther than the chaos, called chapels, though they are nor tells us whence it took its ori-licensed in no other way than gin, or whence its confused state; the meetings of the Protestant and where Moses stops, there pre- Dissenters.

cisely do all the rest.

CHAPLAIN, a person who CHAPEL, a place of worship. performs divine service in a chaThere are various kinds of chapels pel, or is retained in the service in Britain. 1. Domestic chapels, of some family to perform divine built by noblemen or gentlemen service. for private worship in their fami- As to the origin of chaplains, lies.-2. Free chapels, such as some say the shrines of relics are founded by kings of England. were anciently covered with a They are free from all episcopal kind of tent, cape, or capella, i. e. jurisdiction, and only to be visited little cape; and that hence the by the founder and his successors, priests who had the care of them which is done by the lord chan- were called chaplains. In time, cellor : yet the king may licence these relics were reposited in a litany subject to build and endow a tle church, either contiguous to a chapel, and by letters patent ex-larger, or separate from it; and empt it from the visitation of the the name capella, which was given ordinary.-3. Chapels in iver-to the cover, was also given to the sities, belonging to particular uni-place were it was lodged; and versities.-4. Chapels of ease, built hence the priest who superintend

ed it came to be called capellanus,|| or chaplain.

CHAPLET, a certain instru

ment of piety made use of by the According to a statute of Henry papists. It is a string of beads, VIII, the persons vested with aby which they measure or count power of retaining chaplains, to- the number of their prayers. gether with the number each is al- CHAPTER, a community of lowed to qualify, are as follow ecclesiastics belonging to a cathean archbishop eight; a duke or dral or collegiate church. The bishop six; marquis or earl five;chief or head of the chapter is the viscount four; baron, knight of dean; the body consists of canons the garter, or lord chancellor, or prebendaries. The chapter three; a duchess, marchioness, has now no longer a place in the countess, baroness, the treasurer, administration of the diocese duror comptroller of the king's house, ing the life of the bishop; but succlerk of the closet, the king's se-ceeds to the whole episcopal juriscretary, dean of the chapel, almo-diction during the vacancy of the ner, and master of the rolls, each see.

of them two; chief justice of the CHARGE: 1, a sermon preachking's bench, and ward of the ed by the bishop to his clergy ;cinque ports, each one. All these 2, Among the Dissenters, it is a chaplains may purchase a licence sermon preached to a minister at or dispensation, and take two be-his ordination, generally by some nefices, with cure of souls. Aaged or respectable preacher. chaplain must be retained by let- CHARITY, one of the three ters testimonial under hand and grand theological graces, consistseal, for it is not sufficient that he ing in the love of God and our serve as chaplain in the family. neighbour, or the habit or dispoIn England there are forty-sition of loving God with all our eight chaplains to the king, who heart, and our neighbour as ourwait four each month, preach in selves. "Charity," says an able the chapel, read the service to the writer, "consists not in speculafamily, and to the king in his pri- tive ideas of general benevolence vate oratory, and say grace in the floating in the head and leaving absence of the clerk of the closet. the heart, as speculations often do, While in waiting, they have a untouched and cold; neither is it table and attendance, but no sala-confined to that indolent good nary. In Scotland, the king has ture which makes us rest satisfied six chaplains with a salary of 50l. with being free from inveterate each; three of them having in ad-malice, or ill will to our fellow dition the deanery of the chapel creatures, without prompting us royal divided between them, mak-to be of service to any. True chaing up above 100%. to each. Their rity is an active principle. It is only duty at present is to say not properly a single virtue ; but a prayers at the election of peers disposition residing in the heart as for Scotland to sit in parlia-a fountain; whence all the virtues ofbenignity, candour, forbearance,

ment.