to injure. I say the legitimate tendency is simply to overcome, but it may increase so as to injure or even destroy. The tendency of a man running a race may no doubt be to win the race, but the impulse is simply running; the race may never be won. The tendency of a man pursuing industrious habits is to become rich. Nay the tendency may even be to hoard miserably, but the impulse or propensity is simply that of acquiring; the riches may never be attained. In like manner I grant that the tendency of the organ No. 6., in a particular case, may be to injure, cut, maim, or destroy. But this is not its primitive and legitimate tendency, but an abuse. I cannot understand how the desire to destroy must be abundantly strong in the mind of a man at the very time that he reserves the fire of his pistol. It appears to me there is a distinct aversion to destroy, but a strong desire to overcome his enemy without it.

Mr. Cox quotes Hamlet as an example of a man having a desire to destroy, or to injure, in his mental disposition. I am not sure that this is very conspicuous in the play, except in so far as regards the king; but although it were, this desire might still be an abuse, and not the legitimate use of any faculty. But I would remark, that throughout the whole play there appears in Hamlet rather an aversion to injure or destroy any one except the King; and even with regard to him the desire to destroy is certainly not very strong. He is very cautious and scrupulous as to the proofs of the King's guilt. He will not take the testimony even of the Ghost:

"This spirit that I have seen may be a devil.”

Very strong desire to injure or destroy, arising from large No. 6., would have exhibited no such scruples. Hamlet undoubtedly felt in his own mind that he had the power to injure even mortally, when it became absolutely necessary; but from scene to scene, although the wish to overcome his enemies appears predominant, there is a feeling, a desire, manifestly hostile to lift his weapon; and it is not until the last scene exhibits the accumulated treachery of the King and all his connexions, that his spirit is roused, and his moderately developed No. 6. is spirited on to its last and most fatal effects. No doubt it may be said, as Mr. Cox says of Othello, that it was his Benevolence that kept No. 6. under subjection; but if this last organ had been larger, it would not have been so restrained, and kept within its legitimate sphere of action so long. I conceive the faculty called Destructiveness is evident in every scene of the play, but it does not exhibit a tendency to destroy, nor yet to injure, but the primitive function of a

desire to overcome all his enemies. At the end this cannot be done without exercising it in a more energetic way, and therefore the impulse is exhibited in its highest state of action, and murder takes place.

Mr. Cox says, "Hamlet again expressly warns his assailant to beware of rousing the something dangerous, that is within him; and is it possible that any thing can be dangerous, but what is injurious?" Perfectly possible. In the very case quoted, the "something dangerous," produced nothing injurious. Both came out of the scuffle unscathed. But during the whole scene there was evidently prominent in the mind of both Laertes and Hamlet the desire to overcome, but probably in both, at least in the latter, no desire to injure, but the contrary. I would venture to add, that in both these characters, Hamlet and Laertes, the function of the organ No. 6. is evident throughout the play; but in the former it is seen in its first or legitimate action, viz. to overcome, while in Laertes there is added to this wish what I have called the first degree of its abuse, the desire to injure, exemplified in his whole conduct to Hamlet. I cannot agree then with Mr. Cox when he says, "Hamlet feels the propensity to injure (it may be mortally) arising in his mind; and though from other motives he is determined to avoid the act of injury, the existence of the inclination is perfectly obvious." I venture to affirm that the inclination is never present until the last scene, except in reference to the King, and even when it is, it arises from an abuse of No. 6., and not from its legitimate use.

Mr. Cox, asks, “Is it possible that any thing can be dangerous, but what is injurious?" I have said, quite possible. It may be very dangerous for me to leap a five-bar gate, or to ride a vicious spirited horse, and yet both may be done without injury of necessity following. I know it is very dangerous for me to expose myself to cold and moisture, and an east wind; and yet I have been often so exposed without the slightest injury following.

The quotation from the second act of Othello alluded to by Mr. Cox, surely does not prove what it is brought forward to prove, but exactly the reverse. Is it possible that Mr. Cox can believe that when Othello uttered these words he had a desire to destroy, to injure his friends? It appears to me, that it was just because he had no such desire that he addressed his friends in such language. The presence of an exactly opposite feeling in the mind, a desire to save his people, gave rise to the sentence. "If I once stir, or do but lift this arm," &c., show that the wish to destroy was far from his thoughts that his mind was occupied by desires of a contrary nature. The words indicate

an aversion to murder or injure. They no doubt show a power or capability of doing so if necessary. They were intended to convince his friends that he had such a power within him, but was averse to use it; and they did produce conviction on their minds, and so prevented any act of injury following. I may be wrong, but these lines certainly appear to me, simply to show his determination to overcome his enemies, by all possible means, even to the extent of injuring them or destroying them if necessary.

Upon the whole, then, I am still inclined to think that there are some grounds for believing that the term "propensity to injure" is as objectionable as "propensity to destroy;" and that "propensity to overcome" as it implies no abuse, and as it generally precedes the other two, might be substituted with advantage.

IV. Laws of the Phrenological Association.*

NAME AND OBJECTS.

Name.The Association shall be designated "THE PHRENOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION."

Immediate Objects. The immediate objects of the Association are these; -(1) the advancement of phrenological science, (2) the diffusion of an accurate knowledge of that science, (3) the elevation of Phrenology to that degree of consideration and dignity before the public mind, to which it is entitled as a branch of philosophy, (4) to promote intercourse amongst phrenologists of this and other countries.

Ultimate Objects. The ultimate objects of the Association, to be effected by thus promoting a knowledge of Man's mental constitution, is the improvement of the human race, in intelligence, morality, and consequent happiness.

This is the Code of Rules, for the minagement of the Phrenological Association, drawn up in Birmingham, last August, by the Provisional Committee appointed for that purpose, at a meeting held in Newcastle, in August of the preceding year. An account and reports of the Association may be seen in Nos. 58. and 61. of this Journal. The Code now printed may hereafter require some alteration; it being difficult to anticipate all things in the practical working of a novel Association. It is scarcely necessary to explain, that the rules are in a great measure founded on those of the British Association.

Qualifications.

MEMBERS.

Gentlemen possessing any of the following qualifications are deemed eligible for Members of the Association; namely,

1. Members of Phrenological Societies, recognised by the Association.

2. Members of any chartered literary or scientific society in Britain or Ireland.

3. Members of "The British Association for the Advancement of Science."

4. Graduates of British or Irish Universities.

5. Gentlemen recommended in writing by two members, personally acquainted with the parties recommended. 6. Gentlemen recommended by two office-bearers of the Association.

Application.- Any gentleman desirous to become a Member, shall deliver to one of the Secretaries of the Association, a copy of the following Form, subscribed with his name, designation, and post address.

desires to become a

Form. The undersigned Member of The Phrenological Association. He believes the principles of Phrenology to have been founded upon a careful observation of the facts of nature. He is eligible by the

[first, second, third, or otherwise.]

qualification, namely, being, &c.

[Added here, according to circumstances, "a Member of or "a graduate of

or "the person

named in the accompanying recommendation from
and
who are already Members of the Phrenological

Association."]

And he engages to submit to the laws of the Association so long as he shall continue to be a Member of the same.

[Signature, &c.]

Admission. The secretaries may at once admit the subscriber of the above Form to the privileges of a Member, subject to the confirmation of the Council at their next meeting. Any candidate whose admission shall not have been confirmed by the Council, may appeal to the General Committee, the members of which shall decide on the appeal by ballot.

Payments. Every member attending the annual meeting of the Association shall pay such sum for his ticket, not exceed

ing half a soveregn, as shall be fixed by the Council. No payment shall be required from any Member during any year when he may not attend. No entrance fee shall be required, on first becoming a Member.

Censure and Expulsion. Any Member dissatisfied with the conduct of another Member, in any matter relating to the Association, may deliver a written charge to one of the Secretaries, and call for a vote of censure or expulsion against the accused party. The Secretary shall present the charge at the next following meeting of the Council, who may receive the complaint, and call upon the accused party to give in a written reply to the charge. The Council shall, as soon as possible, make a report of the charge to the General Committee, who shall give their decision by ballot; a majority of three fourths of the members present being required to carry a vote either of censure or of expulsion.

GOVERNMENT, &c.

Government. The Government of the Association shall be vested in a General Committee, a Council, and Honorary Officers.

Honorary Officers. The Honorary Officers of the Association shall consist of one President and two Vice-presidents, elected by the Council of the preceding year, to preside at the meetings of the Association.

The Council. The Council shall consist of sixteen Members elected by the General Committee from their own body; eight of them going out of office each year, but being eligible for reelection. The Council shall elect a Chairman, two Vice-chairmen, and two Secretaries, either from their own body, or from the other members of the General Committee.

The General Committee. — The General Commttee shall consist of Members admitted in the manner hereafter prescribed. The officers of the Council shall be the officers of the General Committee also.

Sub-committees. On recommendation from the Council, the General Committee shall have power to appoint sub-committees of their own members for the management of particular departments of the business of the Association. The Sub-committees shall report all their proceedings to the General Committee, to be confirmed, if approved.