follow a priest for some distance, arrayed in all his canoncals, but none said "God bless him." But the influence of the Roman hierarchy is sensibly felt in the metropolis of his Sardinian majesty: we noticed on the outside of churches innumerable inscriptions, such as "plenary indulgence," and "pray for the soul of Filippo Costani," and saw votaries offering up their supplications before pictures of the Virgin at the corners of the streets, penitents kneeling on the steps of the churches, and mendicant monks with their cowls and rosaries. The whole scene is not only strikingly new, but even romantic to a Protestant who is accustomed to think of such things as divided from him by

centuries.

The splendours attending the cathedral service, the dim light of stained windows strangely contrasting with the blaze of numberless tapers on the altar, the magnificent cross and sacred vessels, the long train of priests and choristers, the intoxicating effect and overwhelming sweetness of the incense, and the inexpressible beauty of the music, consisting of the soft breathings of the organ and wind-instruments, now lingering as it were upon every column and monument, now rushing to the remotest parts of the edifice,-all this is well described by the same writer; but he justly adds,

We may go to a Roman Catholic cathedral to gratify a taste for music and splendour, but not for sentiments of pure devotion. The choir and the chanting, the military band and the opera singers, the banners and trophied monuments, the decorated altars and splendid paintings, the voluptuous portraits of beautiful Magdalenes and handsome St. Sebastians, these are all "of the earth, earthy," far removed from the true "image of the heavenly."

But it is time that we notice the most remarkable public edifices in Turin; and we therefore commence our selection (for it can only be a selection where the numbers are so great) with the Royal Palace. This is a dull-looking edifice, chiefly interesting for its collection of pictures, especially those of the Flemish and Dutch schools. In the Swiss guard-room there is a rare picture, by Palma, of the battle of St. Quentin. Other pictures of superior merit, are Vandyck's "Prince Thomas on horseback," Children of Charles I., and the portrait of the painter. There is another portrait of Charles I., by Vandyck's pupil, Daniel Mytens. Also Murillo's "Confessional," Paul Potter's "Animals," Gerard Dow's "Women gathering Grapes," and Holbein's portraits of Luther and his Wife.

The Hall or Museum of Ancient Armour, formed by the king Charles Albert, near his own apartment, is rich, well arranged, and effective.

The palaces of Turin though rich and numerous are not in the best taste; we therefore pass by them, to notice other public edifices. The University of Turin is a magnificent and celebrated building. The number of the students amounts to more than 2000, and among the professors have been reckoned some of the most learned men of Europe. The rich Library of the university belongs principally to the ancient collection of books and manuscripts, formed by the Dukes of Savoy, commenced about the middle of the fifteenth century. This library reckons more than 112,000 volumes. Among the manuscripts there are 70 in the Hebrew language, 370 Greek, 1200 Latin, about 220 Italian, and 120 French. In this library there are also some Chinese books of poetry and medicine. There is also a Piedmontese Flora, begun in 1732, and continued to the present time, containing nearly 5000 coloured designs.

The Museum of Antiquities at Turin seems, by its obscurity and the nakedness of its apartments, rather a hiding-place for statues than a museum: yet, notwithstanding this, and that it was formed only about sixty years ago, it has a few remarkable specimens; among the most excellent of which are, a Greek marble, a Cupid sleeping on a lion's skin, two heads, one of Seneca, the other of a Cyclop, a marble bust of the Emperor Julian, and another of Vespasian, with a head of Antinous; the wonderful mosaic of Orpheus, found

near Cagliari, and comparable to the best in Rome for the beauty of the wild and tame animals represented in it; a bronze statue of Minerva, one of the most remarkable known on account of the delicacy of its execution. The Medal-room is one of the richest in Europe, reckoning not less than 30,000 specimens.

The Royal Academy of Sciences at Turin was rendered illustrious, from the time of its commencement in 1759, by the labours of Lagrange. It consists of two departments; the first devoted to Mathematical and Physical Science; the second to the Moral Sciences, History, and Philology. The Royal Military Academy, and the Academy of the Fine Arts also deserve notice. The Piedmontese are more expert in science, war, and trade, than in the fine arts; so that they have generally been deemed inferior to other Italians in this respect, notwithstanding that they are situated in the midst of scenery which ought at least to produce good landscape painters.

The Egyptian Museum at Turin is allowed to be the first in Europe. Its treasures, however, are by no means well arranged. In the court-yard is the stone statue of Osymandias, more than fifteen feet high, and weighing 18,750 lbs. The old colossus of Thebes is railed in with iron palisades.

There are some other admirable statues of Egyptian kings, i. e. that of Amenophis II., Thothmosis II., and that Apollo of Egyptian art, the statue of Ramses VI., (the great Sesostris,) in black basalt with white spots; he is seated on a throne in a military dress, and holds a sceptre in his hand. The expression of countenance in this celebrated statue is mild but noble, the hands are perfect, the figure good, and the feet, (generally neglected in Egyptian statues,) are of good proportions. The remaining statues and bas-reliefs are very interesting, and the implements of agriculture, and other articles in common use among that remarkable nation, are curious and valuable.

It is impossible here to particularize the numerous churches and chapels of Turin. Besides the fine Gothic Cathedral, there are forty-seven churches, sixty-seven chapels, and many monasteries and nunneries. But we must not omit a notice of St. Superga, a splendid church built on an eminence near the city, and dedicated to the Virgin. This edifice was erected by Victor Amadeus II., on the spot whence Prince Eugene, in 1706, reconnoitred the position of the French army, then besieging the capital, and in memory of the successful campaign which delivered the Ducal States from the invading enemy. The grandeur of the design and execution of this building is much landed, and vast treasures were bestowed upon it, in order to make it the surprising and magnificent place we find it to be. The eye is dazzled with the glories of its proud arcades, its superb cloisters and terraces, its marble columns and pavement; but the mind is unsatisfied in reflecting on the bestowal of such enormous wealth on what may be considered an object chiefly of curiosity. From the nature of the situation, the cost of conveying materials to build a church there must have been immense, while the utility for any purposes of devotion was altogether overlooked.

In this building the bones of Victor Amadeus rest in a royal sepulchre, said to be the most costly in Europe; while above them towers a cupola, from whose lofty top the rich plains of Piedmont, the majestic Alps, and the river Po, "king of floods," may be seen in all their pride and glory. Mr. Gilly says of this stupendous work of Victor Amadeus,

The memorial of his gratitude to the Virgin is beheld for which his valiant legions saved by their devoted heroism; leagues and leagues before that capital can be approached, and none can ascend the Superga, without thinking and speaking of Victor Amadeus the Second. But had he founded an institution like the Hôtel Dieu at Lyons, or the

College at Chelsea, or the Hospital at Greenwich, his name would have been blessed by hundreds of thousands, when it is now only mentioned among the number of those many vain-glorious sovereigns who knew how to conquer their enemies, but not to make their subjects happy. Man may try to outdo the works of Nature; he may erect the most stupendous and costly monuments, but in most cases they expose him to censure or reproach. The hill on which the Superga stands would have commanded the same extensive prospects without the aid of that aspiring dome. Its bold elevation would of itself have reminded posterity, that upon that height stood Eugene, by the side of the warlike Duke of Savoy, when his great mind comprehended at a glance the blunders of the French army, and formed a plan for their defeat; but the basilica of Victor Amadeus will never be seen without raising emotions unfavourable to its founder. It was cemented with the

blood and washed with the tears of his people. He kept his vow to the Virgin, and thousands must have been wrung from his subjects to enable him to do so: but he knew not how to abide by his promises of protection to his faithful Vaudois, although they were drawn from him by services and sacrifices which deserved the amplest recompense.

The Protestants of Turin are not permitted to have any place of worship of their own; they therefore petitioned, and obtained the privilege of attending the British Ambassador's Chapel. For their accommodation the service is performed, not in English nor according to the English Liturgy, but in French, and after the ritual of the church of Geneva, or Neufchatel. At the time of Mr. Gilly's visit one of the Vaudois clergy was the officiating minister at the chapel, the learned and excellent M. Bert, pastor of La Torre.

as

DR. BABINGTON had been sent for to see a patient, the
landlord of a public house, and had appointed to be with
him in the evening. The recollection of his engagement,
however, had passed away from his mind, nor did it recur
to him until early on the following morning. He imme-
diately went to the patient's house, but on entering, was,
with much shrewishness of manner, informed by the
mistress, who was serving behind the counter, that "
he had not come according to his engagement, another
person had been sent for, and he was not wanted." "I
am sorry I did not come," replied Dr. Babington, "but
must go and see your husband;" and saying this he
ascended to the bed-room. On conversing with the patient,
whom he found in a more favourable state than he had
anticipated, he learned that there was only the apothecary
in attendance, and was proceeding to write a prescription,
when the lady, who had given him so unwelcome a recep-
tion, walked into the room. She at once recommenced an
angry attack on the doctor, for his neglect, and as she
described the serious consequences which it had brought
upon her husband, her invectives grew severer and severer.
Dr. Babington listened for some time in perfect silence,
but presently he rose from his seat, walked slowly across
the room, and taking hold of the landlady's arm, led her
to a looking-glass."] Now, my dear lady," he said, "do
look for a moment at your face; I am sure if you knew
how
you had been distorting what nature intended should
have been so handsome, you would never get into a passion
again. Your husband," he proceeded to say, "is now safe,
and will not require more than a prescription, which I
shall write for him, and the attendance of the apothecary,
I shall, therefore, not be required to come again. Do not
think I come up for a fee, for I do not intend to take one.
I have one more word to add, that if you were to send for
me five hundred times, to see yourself, or any one in your
house, nothing on the face of the earth should induce me
to come, as you don't know the demeanour which is fitting
towards one of my profession." He then wrote his prescrip-
tion, and departed.-Life of Sir Astley Cooper.

Look ye who list your gazeful eyes to feede
With sighte of that is faire, look on the frame

Of this wide universe, and therein reade

The endless formes of creatures, which by name
Thou canst not count, much less their natures aime;
All which are made with wondrous wise intent,
And all with admirable beauty blent.

EASY LESSONS ON REASONING. LESSON VI.

§ 1. THE next thing to be learnt and remembered, is the names of the three Terms that occur in a Syllogism. For you will have perceived from the foregoing examples, that there are always three terms; which we have designated by the Symbols X, Y, and Z. Each Syllogism indeed has, in all, three Propositions; and every Proposition has two Terms; but in a Syllogism each Term occurs twice; as, "X is Y; Z is X; therefore Z is Y."

Of these three Terms then, that which is taken as the Subject of the Conclusion ("Z") is called the "Minor-term;" the Predicate of the Conclusion [“Y"] is called the "Major-term;" (from its being usually of more extensive signification than the "Minor," of which it is predicated) and the Term ["X"] which is used for establishing the connexion between those two, is, thence called the "Middle-term," [or "medium of proof."]

Of the two Premises, that which contains the Majorterm, ("X is Y,") is called the "Major-premise;" (and it is, properly, and usually, placed first; tho' this order is not essential) and that which contains the Minor-term (Z is X) is called the "Minor-premise." And in these two Premises, respectively, the Major-term and Minorterm are, each, compared with the Middle-term, in order that, in the Conclusion, they may be compared with each other; that is, one of them affirmed or denied of the other.

§ 2. Now it is requisite, as you will see by looking back to the examples formerly given, that, in one or other of the Premises, the Middle-term should be distributed. For if each of the Terms of the Conclusion had been compared only with part of the Middle-term, they would not have been both compared with the same; and nothing could thence be inferred.

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Thus, in one of the above examples, when we say "food" (namely, "some food,") "is necessary to life," the term "food" is undistributed, as being the Subject of a Particular-proposition: in other words, we have affirmed the term "necessary to life," of part only, not the whole, of the Class denoted by the term "food:" and again, when we say corn is food," the term "food" is again undistributed, (according to the Rule given in the last Lesson) as being the Predicate of an Affirmative:-in other words, tho' we have asserted that the term "food" is applicable to "corn," we have not said (nor, as it happens, is it true) that it is not applicable to anything else; so that we have not been taking this term " food" universally, in either Premise, but, each time, “particularly." And accordingly nothing follows from those premises.

So also, when it is said, "a wise ruler endeavours to civilize the People; and Alfred endeavoured to civilize the People;" [or "Y is X, and Z is X,"] the Middle-term is here twice made the Predicate of an Affirmative-proposition, and consequently is left undistributed, as in the former instance; and, as before, nothing follows. For, (as was formerly observed) we are not authorised to affirm one term of another, merely on the ground that there is something which has been affirmed of each of them: as the term "growing" (in the example formerly given) is affirmed of "vegetables " and also of "animals.'

In each of these cases then, such an apparent-argument is condemned on the ground that it "has the middle-term undistributed."

§3. The other kind of apparent Syllogism formerly given as an example, is faulty (as was then shown) from a different cause, and is condemned under a different title. Every tree is a vegetable; grass is not a tree, therefore it is not a vegetable:" or, "every X is Y; Z is not X; therefore Z is not Y."

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Here, the middle term "X" is distributed; and that, not only in one Premise, but in both; being made, first, the Subject of a Universal-proposition, and again, the Predicate of a Negative. But then, the Major-term, "Y" which has not been distributed in the Premise, is yet distributed in the Conclusion; being, in the Premise, the Predicate of an Affirmative, and, in the Conclusion, of a Negative. We have therefore merely compared part of the term ["Y"]"vegetable" with the Middleterm" Tree;" ["X"] and this does not authorize our comparing, in the Conclusion, the whole of that same term with [Z] "grass;" which, as was explained above, we must do, if we deny the term "grass" of " vegetable." Nothing therefore follows from the Premises: for it is plain that they would not warrant an affirmative Conclusion. To affirm that "grass is a vegetable," (or, as one might equally well, that "a house is a vegetable") because it "is not a tree," would not have even any appearance of Reasoning. No one would pretend to affirm one term of another (as, Y, of Z) on the ground that it had been affirmed of something ("X") which had been denied of that other.

Such a fallacy as the one we have been above considering, is condemned as having what is called in technical language, an "illicit process;" that is, an unauthorized proceeding, from a term undistributed in the Premise, to the same, distributed, in the Conclusion: or in other words, taking a term more extensively in the Conclusion than it had been taken in the Premise; which is, in fact, introducing an additional term.

§4. The examples that have been all along given, both of correct-reasoning and of Fallacy, have been, designedly, the simplest and easiest that could be

framed.

And hence, a thoughtless reader, observing that the rules given, and the technical language employed, tho' not difficult to learn, are yet less easy than the examples themselves to which these are applied, may be apt to fancy that his labour has been wasted; and to say, "why, common-sense would show any one the soundness of the reasoning, or the unsoundness, in such examples as these, with less trouble than it costs to learn the rules, and the technical terms."

And a beginner in Arithmetic might say the same. For the examples usually set before a learner, are, purposely, such easy questions as he could answer "in his head (as we say) with less trouble than the arithmetical rules cost him.

But then, by learning those rules, thro' the means of such simple examples, he is enabled afterwards to answer with little difficulty such arithmetical questions as would be perplexing and laborious, even to a person of superior natural powers, but untaught.

It is the same in the learning of a foreign Language. The beginner has to bestow more pains on the translating of a few simple sentences, than the matter of those sentences is worth. But in the end, he comes to be able to read valuable books in the Language, and to converse with intelligent foreigners, which he could not otherwise have done.

And so also, in the present case, it will be found that, simple as are the examples given, not only all valid Reasoning, on whatever subjects, may be exhibited, and its validity shewn, in the form that was first put before you, but also, most of the Sophistical-arguments [Fallacies] by which men are every day misled, on the most important subjects, may be reduced into the same forms as those of the examples lately given.

Hume's argument against Miracles as believed on Testimony, which was explained in a former Lesson, is an instance of this. And numberless others might be given.

§ 5. For example, there is an erroneous notion commonly to be met with, which is founded on a fallacy that may be thus exhibited as a case of undistributed middle

term: "A man who is indifferent about all religion, is one who does not seek to force his religion on others;" (for tho' this is far from being universally true, it is commonly believed) "this man does not seek to force his religion on others; therefore he is indifferent to all religion."

Again, as an example of the other kind of fallacy above-mentioned, the "illicit-process" of the Majorterm, we may exhibit in that form the sort of reasoning by which one may suppose the Priest and the Levite, in the Parable of the good Samaritan, to have satisfied themselves that the poor wounded stranger had no claim on them as a neighbour;-a kind of procedure of which one may find instances in real life in all times:

"A kinsman or intimate acquaintance has a claim to our neighbourly good-offices: this man however is not a kinsman &c., therefore he has no claim &c." Again, "a Nation which freely admits our goods, ought to be allowed freely to supply us with theirs: but the French do not freely admit our goods: therefore &c." Again, "Nations that have the use of money, and have property in land, are subject to the evils of avarice, of dishonesty, and of abject poverty; but savage nations have not the use of money &c. &c.

And again, "A kind and bountiful landlord ought to be exempt from lawless outrage; but this man is not a kind and bountiful landlord; therefore, &c.”

It will be found a very useful exercise to select for yourself a number of other arguments, good or bad, such as are commonly to be met with in books or conversation, and to reduce them to the most regular form they will admit of, in order to try their validity by the foregoing

rules.

You must keep in mind however (what was said in the first Lesson) that technical terms and rules will be rather an encumbrance than a help, unless you take care not only to understand them thoroughly, but also to learn them so perfectly that they may be as readily and as correctly employed as the names of the most familiar objects around you.

But if you will take the trouble to do this once for all, you will find that in the end, much trouble will have been saved. For, the explanations given of such technical-terms and general rules, when thoroughly learnt, once, will save you the necessity of going thro' nearly the same explanation, over and over again on each separate occasion.

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In short, the advantage of technical-terms is just like what we derive from the use of any other Commonterms. When, for instance, we have once accurately learnt the definition of a 66 Circle," or have had fully described to us what sort of creature an Elephant is, to say "I drew a Circle," or, "I saw an Elephant," would be sufficiently intelligible, without any need of giving the description or definition at full length, over and over again, on every separate occasion.

MIS-SPENT TIME.

THERE is no remedy for time mis-spent ;
No healing for the waste of idleness,
Whose very languor is a punishment
Heavier than active souls can feel or guess.
O, hours of indolence and discontent,
Not now to be redeem'd! ye sting not less
Because I know this span of life was lent
For lofty duties, not for selfishness,
Not to be wiled away in aimless dreams,
But to improve ourselves, and serve mankind,
Life and its choicest faculties were given.
Man should be ever better than he seems;
And shape his acts, and discipline his mind,
To walk adorning earth, with hope of heaven.
SIR AUBREY DE VERE

bird becomes extremely conspicuous. He flies to the ground, searches for the longest and driest filaments of the moss which is known in Louisiana as Spanish beard, and whenever he finds one fit for his purpose, ascends to the favourite spot where his nest is to be, uttering all the while a continued chirrup, which seems to imply that he fancies himself the acknowledged king of the woods. This chirrup is emitted in an angry tone whenever an enemy comes in sight. This clever bird has taken advantage of the introduction of new materials into Pennsylvania by Europeans to improve the structure of his nest, so that the women in the country are obliged to watch their thread that may be bleaching in the fields, and the farmer to look to his young grafts, that the strings which secure it be not carried off by the bird. Skeins of silk and hanks of thread have been found hanging round the Baltimore's nest, but so interwoven and entangled as to be useless to their owners. Whatever may be the material used by the bird, his mode of commencing his nest, observed by Audubon in the state of Louisiana, is as follows.-On reaching the branch selected for his purpose, he fastens with bill and claws, in a most dexterous manner, one end of the moss or thread to a twig, and then taking up the other end, he secures that also, but to another twig a few inches off so as to leave the thread floating in the air like a swing, the curve of which is about seven or eight inches from the twigs. The female now comes to his assistance with another filament of moss, or thread. She duly inspects the work of her partner, and then commences her own operations, placing her thread in an opposite direction to that of her mate. Thus the pair work on, making the various lines cross and recross each other so as to form an irregular net. Thus they weave it from the bottom to the top, until it is so secure that no tempest can carry it off without breaking the branch to which it is suspended.

It is an interesting fact that this nest made in Louisiana, is not lined with any warm substance such as wool, cloth, &c., but is placed on the north-east side of the tree, and is so interwoven that the air can pass through it; while if the birds had travelled as far as Pennsylvania, or New York, they would have formed it of the warmest and softest materials, and have placed it in a position which would have left it exposed to the sun's rays. The birds seem perfectly aware of the intense heat which they will have to encounter in the former State, and of the changing weather which is likely to occur during the period of incubation in the latter.

A considerable difference has also been observed in the neatness and finish of the nests as well as in the materials. Wilson thus notices the manner of building among the Baltimores:

Some appear far superior workmen to others; and probably age may improve them in this as it does in their colours. I have a number of their nests now before me, all completed and with eggs. One of these, the neatest, is in the form of a cylinder, of five inches diameter, and seven inches in depth, rounded at the bottom. The opening at top, is narrowed by a horizontal covering, to two inches and a half in diameter. The materials are flax, hemp, tow, hair, and wool, woven into a complete cloth, the whole tightly sewed through and through with long horse hairs, several of which measure two feet in length. The bottom is composed of thick tufts of cow hair, sewed also with strong horse hair. This nest was hung on the extremity of the horizontal branch of an apple-tree, fronting the southeast, was visible one hundred yards off, though shaded from the sun; and was the work of a very beautiful and perfect bird.

The eggs are five, white, slightly tinged with flesh colour, marked on the greater end with purple dots, and on the other parts with long hair-like lines intersecting each other in a variety of directions.

This bird is seven inches in length, with a straight, sharp, bluish bill. The wings are rather long, and

slightly rounded, the tail is forked. The plumage is glossy, and of the most brilliant colouring. The whole of the under parts in the male bird, with the lesser wingcoverts, and lower part of the back, are bright orange, deeply tinged with vermillion on the breast and neck. The head, throat, and upper part of the wings are black. The feet light blue, the edges of the feathers in the wings and tail, white; the iris of the eye, hazel.

The song of this bird consists of three or four, or at most eight or ten, loud, full, and mellow notes, very agreeable to the ear. Wilson says that there is a certain wild plaintiveness and naiv té in the song that is extremely interesting, with something of the pleasing tranquillity of a careless plough-boy, whistling merely for his own amusement.

In Louisiana, the Baltimore Oriole frequently rears two broods in a season. The period of incubation is fourteen days. Before the young are quite able to leave the nest they often cling to the outside, and creep in and out of it like young wood-peckers. After leaving the nest they follow their parents for nearly a fortnight, and are fed by them. As soon as the mulberries and figs become ripe, they resort to these fruits, and are equally fond of cherries, strawberries, &c. During spring they principally feed on insects which they search for with great activity among the leaves and branches, seldom pursuing them on the wing. When the young birds are fully able to take care of themselves, they generally part from each other and leave the country, as their parents had come, singly. Their flight during migration is high above all the trees, but they descend about the setting of the sun, for rest and food, mounting again at sunrise and pursuing their way singly as before.

The streets of the cities in North America have been planted in late years with Lombardy poplars, and since that event the Baltimore Oriole is a constant visitor even in the noisiest situations. "Amid the noise and tumult of coaches, drays, and wheelbarrows, and the din of the multitude, they are heard chanting 'their native wood-notes wild,' sometimes too within a few yards of an oysterman, who stands bellowing with the lungs of a stentor, under the shade of the same tree." The movements of these birds as they run among the branches, are different from those of most other birds. They cling frequently by the feet in order to reach an insect at such a distance from them as to require the full extension of their neck, body, and legs, without letting go their hold. They sometimes glide as it were along a small twig, and at other times move sidewise, with a graceful motion.

The plumage of these birds does not attain its full brilliancy until the third year. The Baltimore Oriole may be easily kept in cages, and may be fed on dried figs, raisins, hard-boiled eggs, and insects.

THE TWO PAGES.

THE Caliph Harun*, as historians tell,
Ruled, for a tyrant, admirably well;
Where his own pleasures were not touch'd, to men
He was humane, and sometimes even then;
Harun was fond of fruits, and gardens fair,
And woe to all whom he found poaching there.
Among his pages was a lively boy,

Eager in search of every trifling joy
His feelings vivid, and his fancy strong,

He sigh'd for pleasure while he shrank from wrong;
When by the Caliph in the garden placed,

He saw the treasures, which he long'd to taste;
And oft alone he ventured to behold

Rich hanging fruits with rind of glowing gold;
Too long he staid forbidden bliss to view,
His virtue failing, as his longings grew.

Rashid, who died early in the ninth century; hic is often the hearer, and The sovereign here meant is the Harun Alreschid, or Harun al sometimes the hero, of a tale in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments.