which excites the perverted passions of men, enslaves and degrades man, is to be used in the Most Holy Supper, instead of the Lord's own pure, unperverted product or fruit of the vine? Never! never!!

Within a few months a work has been written and published by four English clergymen, earnestly advocating the use of fermented wine as a communion wine, and representing that it is the only wine, as does the Rev. Mr.

In reply to some of the ungenerous strictures of the authors of the pamphlet on his writings, Dr. F. R. Lees says, in an article in The Dawn, an English religious paper:

"All that they have said has been said many times before, and answered as often. Most of it stands refuted in my Reply to the Four Belfast Professors,' which has never been replied to, though ten years old."

Dr. Norman Kerr, in a letter to Mr. T. Anderson Hanson, published in the same periodical, says:

"42 GROVE Road, RegenT'S PARK,

LONDON, N. W.

“Sir:—I have read the pamphlet, 'The Wines of the Holy Supper' (for which I am indebted to you), with amazement. A very large proportion of it is founded on a work by Rev. A. M. Wilson, the inaccuracy of which was pointed out by me many years ago in Unfermented Wine a Fact.' In that brochure I showed that Mr. Wilson's argument for the impossibility of the existence of unfermented wine was based on two false premises, into which errors he had fallen from unacquaintance with scientific literature: 1. That the word 'fermentation' in scientific language always refers to alcoholic fermentation. 2. That alcoholic fermentation sets in immediately on the expression of the juice from the grape.

"Most of the erroneous statements in the pamphlet now before me are covered by facts stated in the second edition of my ‘Wines, Scriptural and Ecclesiastical' (337 Strand). The writers were evidently ignorant of the fact that the heads of the two great Jewish communities, Delegate Chief Rabbi Adler and Professor Marks,

both formally vouched for the accuracy of my statement (arrived at after an exhaustive enquiry into the facts) to the effect that unfermented and fermented wines were equally lawful at the Passover. The authors could not have known that S. Adler distinctly declared that there is no Jewish authority for the restriction of the word yayin to intoxicating wine. The Passover wine was treated of fully in my lecture thereon, published by Home Words Office. The Chief Rabbi was present and confirmed the accuracy of my statement of his views. The authors of the pamphlet also do not understand that 'fermented' and 'intoxicating' are not synonymous terms. These are but a few of the mistakes as to facts

contained in this pamphlet.

"But, apart from these mistakes, how can a poisonous, intoxicating, dangerous beverage be a fit symbol of Christ's blood? Intoxicants inflame, disturb and paralyze. On the other hand, genuine, non-intoxicating grape-wine is a wholesome, innocent, nonpoisonous drink, with no power to paralyze or to inflame. It is a nutritious, healthful drink, and is, from its nature and properties, a most fit symbol.

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In my 'Wines, S. and E.' I have shown by evidence, which has never been seriously questioned: 1. That unfermented grape-juice has been used by ancients and moderns. 2. That the ancients preferred sweet, weak and diluted wines. 3. That unintoxicating drinks have been called 'wine' in Oriental dictionaries, in modern dictionaries, cyclopedias, etc.; by Eastern travelers, and in general literature. 4. That the unfermented and the fermented palm-juice have both been known as 'palm-wine.' 5. That the chief use of grapes in the East is not to make fermented wine. 6. That grapes can always be had fresh. I have also shown that intoxicating wine is unsafe for reformed drunkards and for the unfallen inheritors of the drink crave; and that communion in unintoxicating wine has been recognized as lawful at nearly every period of ecclesiastical history. The very numerous Methodist Episcopal Church of America, and, in our country, the established Church of Scotland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, and other religious bodies, have formally recognized the Sacramental use of non-intoxicating wine. Sincerely yours,

"T. ANDERSON HANSON."

"NORMAN KERR.

It having been persistently represented by some of the advocates for the use of fermented wine in England that fermentation is a natural and orderly process, and that the ferment is in the skins of grapes, and one at least claiming that it is in the grape itself, Mr. T. A. Hanson wrote to several scientists. Among others, he received the following reply from Prof. John Tyndall:

"Dear Sir-The non-fermentable character of pure grape-juice, and the fermentable character of juice when the bloom on the surface of the grape is washed into it, stand, in my opinion, upon a sound basis. Yours faithfully,

"JOHN TYNDALL.”

Mr. J. Orme, through a friend in Paris, consulted on the subject Professor Pasteur, and received the following reply:

"J. ORME, ESQ., LONDON:

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"PARIS, April 16, 1888.

'Dear Sir—I lose no time in replying to your kind letter of the 14th inst., and beg to say:

"1. That I see no reason to modify the conclusions deduced from my experiments on the true cause of the fermentation of the grape.

"2. That, to my knowledge, no German chemist has yet refuted said conclusions with experimental proof of any kind.

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The cause of fermentation in the grape is extraneous to the juice of the grape. Wine could not be made if the germs of ferments, external (foreign) to the berry and the bunches, did not mix with the juice of the berry in the vintner's vat.

"I have furnished irrefutable de facto evidence of it.

We find that, without exceeding the limits assigned to this pamphlet, we have room for only a few short extracts from the letters of clergymen in response to Rev. Dr.

-'s request. To save space we shall omit names, dates, etc., and simply number the extracts according to the

numbers of the letters as published. The following extracts are taken from the second list, or from those who do not favor the views of Rev. Messrs.

and

:

2. "I believe it susceptible of fair proof that your position and utterances in favor of the moderate use of alcoholic wines and liquors, as a minister of God and one of the foremost educators in the land, are making more drunkards of the young men and women of our country than any five saloons on the continent. You may think this very severe, or you may throw it aside in contempt, but your position and utterances are simply appalling as they are arrayed against our efforts to save men from the drink curse and get them to God."

3. "I have looked over the pamphlet you sent me; I have also read a much abler work on the same subject, by Dr. Eliphalet Nott, who was a scholar equal to Dr. Dr. Nott's views meet what I regard the demands of conscience, common sense and morality -and Dr.'s do not. I have read many arguments like that of Dr. -'s, notably, Dr. -'s, but I am still convinced that the

Bible can in no way even tolerate the use of that, either as a beverage or at the Communion Table, whose poison is doing so much to ruin the souls and bodies of men."

4. This is a fact of positive experience. There are men in my church, formerly addicted to drink, who did not dare and would not taste fermented wine when we used it, about four years ago; but they can take the unfermented wine with safety. In the Presbyterian Church in this city the fermented wine is still used at Communion, and time and again it has led certain members into open debauch; after having tasted liquor there, they rushed to get more and stronger elsewhere. These samples could be multiplied almost indefinitely. Now, dear sir, we hold it to be transparently clear, and a primary principle of Christian teaching, that to persist to use fermented wine at Communion service, in the face of these facts, is a gross sin against our Redeemer and His Church, and against our brethren about us. I am amazed that any true preacher of the Gospel can, in the slightest way, encourage the use of fermented liquors at the Lord's Supper in these days."

6. For those who have not read the books which the writer assumes to review, and for those who have prejudged the whole case with the writer, the pamphlet is very convincing. Otherwise,

shalt, with the commands that thou shalt not, which is manifested in the preface and the tract by the Rev. Mr.

and in many of the letters from clergymen contained in the new edition. Does not Rev. Mr. know that the laws of nature are the laws of God, and that when these are correctly understood it will be seen that they can never conflict with the Word of God, if the latter is correctly interpreted and understood? The human body requires food and drink to build up its structures and to sustain it in health and strength. The orderly and useful articles for food and drink cause no unnatural excitement, give rise to no unnatural appetite which other food and drink will not satisfy, and do not require to be taken in increasing quantities to satisfy the appetite for them, and they do not cause specific diseases characteristic of the substance taken. Such is natural, orderly, healthy food and drink which satisfy the demands of the natural body, as goodness and truth do the spirit of a man heavenward bound. Now, we have in the natural world substances which, when used as food or drink or taken into the system, differ totally from healthy food and drink in all the characteristics named; among these are notably opium, tobacco, wine, and other intoxicants. These substances, when used, all create an unnatural excitement, and if their use becomes habitual, cause an unnatural appetite which no healthy food will satisfy, require to be taken in in creased quantities to satisfy the appetite for them, and they all cause diseases characteristic of the substance taken; they all endanger health and often shorten life; they are, therefore, poisons. In every respect it will be seen that their action on the body of man is similar to the action of evils and falses on the spirit of man; therefore, when we can legitimately talk of and justify lying, stealing, bearing false witness, committing adultery, and kill